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Cardiovascular > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structures present at the hilar of lung?

A

Pulmonary artery, main bronchus, pulmonary veins, pulmonary lymphatics and bronchopulmonary lymph nodes, pulmonary visceral afferents and autonomic motor nerves

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2
Q

What is the condition caused by the pericardial cavity filling with blood and the pressure preventing cardiac contraction?

A

Cardiac Tamponade

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3
Q

What is the posterosuperior space within the pericardial cavity called?

A

Transverse pericardical sinus

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4
Q

Where does the apex beat shift to during cardiomegaly?

A

The left

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5
Q

Where is the right coronary artery?

A

In the coronary groove boundary between the right atrium and right ventricle

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6
Q

Where is the branch of the Left Anterior Descending (LAD)?

A

In anterior interventricular groove between the 2 ventricles

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7
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

A short venous conduit (in the atrioventricular groove posteriorly) which receives deoxygenated blood from most of the cardiac veins and drains into the right atrium

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8
Q

Where is the left (main stem) coronary artery?

A

In the atrioventricular groove

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9
Q

In the ANS, where do the PRE sympathetic signals travel and emerge?

A

Travel down spinal cord and emerge via T1-L2/3

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10
Q

Where do they parasympathetic signals travel?

A

Through CN III, VII, IX, X

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11
Q

Where do POST sympathetic nerves emerge?

A

Through cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

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12
Q

What makes up the cardiac plexus?

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic and visceral afferents

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13
Q

What is the one parasympathetic cardiopulmonary structure?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

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14
Q

How does the sympathetic system innervate?

A

Through the sympathetic chain

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15
Q

How does the parasympathetic nerves innervate?

A

Through the walls of the organs

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16
Q

What are the pre and post neurotransmitters in the sympathetic system?

A

pre- Ach……post- Noradrenaline

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17
Q

What are the pre and post neurotransmitters in the parasympathetic system?

A

both Ach

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18
Q

Although innervation is bilateral, which side predominates?

A

Left

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19
Q

What is the difference between somatic and visceral pain?

A

Somatic- sharp, stabbing and localised

Visceral- dull and nauseating and location unknown

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20
Q

Name some types of somatic pain

A

Muscular, joint, shingles, pleurisy, pericarditis

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21
Q

What is radiating pain?

A

It spreads from the chest centre by originating in a somatic structure and passing along the affected dermatome.

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22
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Pain at a single remote site- the somatic and visceral brain signals get “mixed up” and believes that the soma pain is organ pain

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23
Q

In what lobe is the postcentral gyrus and is it sensory or motor?

A

Parietal and is it somatosensory

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24
Q

In what lobe is the percentile gyrus and is it somatosensory or motor?

A

Frontal and somatomotor

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25
Q

What is the AP pathways in post central and percentile gyrus’?

A

From elsewhere to post

From Pre to skeletal muscle

26
Q

Where in the brain does the visceral afferents travel to?

A

bilaterally to the thalamus and hypothalamus and then diffuse out of the cortex

27
Q

Where are the four most common places for coronary artery occlusion?

A

LAD, right coronary artery, circumflex branch of LCA, Left (main stem) coronary artery

28
Q

Name an area more vulnerable to ulceration of atheromatous plaque?

A

Carotid artery disease

29
Q

What is the thoracic inlet?

A

It is bound by ribs 1, T1 & jugular notch

30
Q

What is the transverse thoracic plane?

A

between sternal angle and T4/T5 intervertebral disc

31
Q

What are the contents of the anterior mediastinum?

A

Thymus

32
Q

What happens to the thymus during maturation?

A

In childhood it produces T lymphocytes and in adulthood it is replaced with adipose tissue

33
Q

What are the contents of the middle mediastinum?

A

Tracheal bifurcation, oesophagus, heart, pericardium, great vessels, thoracic duct

34
Q

What are the contents of the posterior mediastinum?

A

Azgous vein, sympathetic trunks, thoracic duct, oesophagus, thoracic aorta, vagal nerves and vagal trunks, trachea and bronchi (superior mediastinum)

35
Q

What is the azygous vein and its associated structures?

A

In right lung: arches anteriorly, superior to the lung root to drain into the SVC
Intercostal veins drain posteriorly into the azygous vein

36
Q

What are the components of the aorta?

A

abdominal aorta, thoracic aorta, arch of the aorta, ascending aorta

37
Q

Where do the anterior and posterior mediastinal branches drain to?

A

Anterior thoracic aorta: many places such as bronchial arteries, mediastinal arteries, phrenic arteries

Posterior: intercostal arteries (1 for each space)

38
Q

What do the brachiocephalic arteries supply?

A

arm and neck

39
Q

Where is lymph drained to?

A

Right and left venous angles

40
Q

Where are the right and left zones for lymph drainage?

A

Right: Right lung and arm area

Left: all over

41
Q

Where is the venous angle?

A

Between the jugular vein and the subclavian vein

42
Q

How can metastases spread in pulmonary malignancy?

A

Through the lymphatics

43
Q

Where are the lymph nodes which drain lymph from the lungs?

A

Around the bifurcation of trachea: trachea-bronchial nodes

Around the main bronchus at the left lung root: bronchopulmonary lymph nodes

44
Q

What can rupture during chest trauma?

A

The thoracic duct

45
Q

What is the cisterna chyli?

A

The swollen start of the thoracic duct in the abdomen

46
Q

Where does the right phrenic nerve go?

A

Through the diaphragm with the ICV to supply the diaphragm from the inferior aspect

47
Q

Where does the left phrenic nerve go?

A

Pierces through the left dome of the diaphragm to supply it from the inferior aspect

48
Q

Name the aspects of the superior mediastinum anterior to posterior

A

Brachiocephalic veins, SVC, arch of the aorta, trachea, oesophagus, thoracic duct

49
Q

Name the superior mediastinum from lateral to medial

A

Phrenic nerves, vagus nerves, laryngeal nerves

50
Q

In what order do the lymph nodes drain?

A
  1. Bronchopulmonary then Trachea-bronchial
51
Q

What are the central veins?

A

Large veins close to the heart where the pressure in the right atrium is approx the same

52
Q

Where are the central veins?

A

Internal jugular veins, subclavian, brachiocephalic, superior vena cava, RIGHT ATRIUM, inferior vena cava, iliac veins, femoral veins

53
Q

Where does the right recurrent larygneal nerve go?

A

Hooks under the right subclavian artery and does NOT enter the chest

54
Q

Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve go?

A

Hooks under the arch of the aorta and DOES enter the chest

55
Q

From medial to lateral, how are the veins positioned

A

Recurrent laryngeal then vagus then phrenic

56
Q

What happens when the vagus nerves have given off their recurrent laryngeal branches?

A

They only contain parasympathetic fibres

57
Q

What are the recurrent laryngeal nerves?

A

Branches of the vagus nerve that supply the pharynx and larynx

58
Q

What does the vagus nerve supply in terms of somatic sensory, motor and parasympathetic?

A

Somatic: palate, laryngpharynx and larynx
Somatic motor: pharynx and larynx
Parasympathetic: thoracic and abdominal organs

59
Q

What does the phrenic nerve supply in terms of somatic sensory, motor and parasympathetic?

A

motor: diaphragm
sensory: mediastinal parietal pleura, fibrous pericardium, diaphragmatic parietal pleura, diaphragmatic peritoneum

60
Q

What is happening if a patient presents with “shoulder tip” pain?

A

eg lung abscess or inflammation of the gallbladder irritates the parietal peritoneum of the diaphragm (phrenic nerve) and the supraclavicular nerve enters the spinal cord at the same level as the phrenic, the brain “refers” the pain

61
Q

Name the arterial and venous supplies to the body wall

A

Cephalic vein, axillary artery and vein, subclavian artery&vein, internal thoracic artery&vein, anterior and posterior intercostal arteries, Great saphenous vein& and the musculo venous pump, Brachila, radial and ulnar arteries, Inferior epigastric, external iliac& femoral arteries and veins, Anterior and Posterior intercostal veins

Cardiovascular (8 decks)

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