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Anatomy Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

What structures arise from the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, & subthalamus ( & posterior pituitary, & pineal gland)

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2
Q

What does the forebrain develop from?

A

Prosencephalon

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3
Q

What connects the forebrain with all caudal structures?

A

Cerebral peduncles

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4
Q

What part of the brain stem is connected to the cerebellum and what structure directly connects these structures?

A

Pons connects to cerebellum via the cerebellar peduncles.

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5
Q

What is the most caudal portion of the brainstem called?

A

Medulla

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6
Q

What separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

A

Central sulcus

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7
Q

What separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and the frontal lobes?

A

Lateral sulcus

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8
Q

What separates the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe?

A

The parieto-occipital sulcus

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9
Q

What brain lobe is located above and around the corpus callosum?

A

Limbic lobe

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10
Q

What structure is on either side of the third ventricle?

A

Thalamus

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11
Q

What connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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12
Q

At what level is the fourth ventricle?

A

Level of the pons and medulla

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13
Q

What is the function of the precentral gyrus?

A

Primary motor area

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14
Q

What are the three meningeal layers surrounding the brain, in order from outermost to innermost?

A
  1. Dura
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia
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15
Q

What are the two portions of the dura mater?

A
  • Periosteal portion

- Meningeal portion

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16
Q

Where is the longitudinal fissure?

- what is the name of the flat sheet of dura that is found in this fissure?

A

The longitudinal fissure separates the two hemispheres of the brain.
The portion of dura in this fissure is called the falx cerebri.

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17
Q

What is the name for the tent-like sheet of dura covering the upper surface of the cerebellum?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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18
Q

Which meningeal layer ensheaths blood vessels?

A

Pia mater

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19
Q

Use the following three options. In the brain, which are potential spaces and which are real spaces? (and what fills the real spaces?)

  • Epidural space
  • Subdural space
  • Arachnoid space
A
  • epidural & subdural spaces are potential spaces

- subarachnoid space is real and is filled with CSF

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20
Q

Where are the meningeal arteries found?

A

In the epidural space

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21
Q

A fracture of the temporal bone can cause what problem in the brain?

A

Rupture of the middle meningeal artery leading to an epidural hematoma

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22
Q

What causes a subdural hemorrhage?

A

Rupture of the bridging veins draining the cerebral hemispheres/subarachnoid space into the dural venous sinus

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23
Q

What is the radiological appearance of a subdural hemorrhage?

A

Crescent-shaped hematoma

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24
Q

What causes a subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

Rupture of arterial aneurysm in the subarachnoid space

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25
Q

What is the radiological appearance of a subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

Blood following the contour of the brain - blood may be seen dipping into the sulci

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26
Q

At what level does the spinal cord end?

- what structure is here and what continues below this level?

A

Spinal cord ends at L1-L2.

  • location of conus medullaris
  • continues as cauda equina
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27
Q

Use the following three options. In the spinal cord, which are potential spaces and which are real spaces? (and what fills the real spaces?)

  • Epidural space
  • Subdural space
  • Arachnoid space
A

Real spaces are:

  • Epidural space (filled with fat & venous plexus)
  • Subarachnoid space (filled with CSF)

…

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28
Q

What separates the anterior and posterior roots of the spinal cord?

A

Dentate ligament

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29
Q

What is the dentate ligament made up of?

- what is its function?

A

Thickening of the pia mater & glial elements.

- Acts to anchor the spinal cord

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30
Q

From what brain/spinal levels do sympathetic neurons arise?

A

T1-L2

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31
Q

From what brain/spinal levels do parasympathetic neurons arise?

A

CN III, VII, IX, X

S2,3,4

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32
Q

What nerve roots make up the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

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33
Q

What nerve roots make up the lumbar plexus?

A

L2-S3

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34
Q

What nerve roots form the pre-vertebral plexus?

A

T5-L2

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35
Q

What attaches the caudal end of the spinal cord to the coccyx bone?

A

The filum terminale

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36
Q

What is the name of the point where sensory nerves enter the spinal cord?
- and for motor nerves?

A
  • sensory (dorsal nerves) enter at the Posterolateral sulcus

- motor (ventral nerves) enter at the Anterolateral sulcus

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37
Q

What are the two main blood supplies for the spinal cord?

A

Vertebral-basilar & segmental arteries

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38
Q

Where do the segmental spinal arteries arise from?

A

intercostal arteries (posterior branches)

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39
Q

What do the segmental spinal arteries branch into?

- what do they supply?

A
  • Radicular arteries –> supply anterior & posterior roots at each level
  • and Segmental medullary arteries (only at some levels) –> supply either anterior or posterior spinal arteries
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40
Q

What does the anterior spinal artery supply?

- what does the posterior spinal artery supply?

A

Anterior - supplies anterior 2/3rds of spinal cord.

Posterior - supplies posterior 1/3rd of spinal cord.

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41
Q

Which spinal levels have lateral horns in the spinal cord cross section?
- what is found in the lateral horns?

A

T1-L2 (sympathetic portion of spine) & S2-S4 (parasympathetic branches)

  • Lateral horns are the location for visceral motor (efferent) cell bodies.
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42
Q

What is the embryological origin of the forebrain?

- what two parts does it split into?

A

Prosencephalon

- splits into telencephalon & diencephalon

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43
Q

What is the embryonic origin of the midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

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44
Q

What is the embryologic origin of the hindbrain?

- what two parts does it split into?

A

Rhombencephalon

- splits into metencephalon & myelencephalon

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45
Q

What is a large sulcus called?

A

fissure

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46
Q

What are the two parts of the limbic lobe?

A
  • Cingulate gyrus

- Parahippocampal gyrus

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47
Q

What produces CSF?

A

Ependymal cells of the choroid plexus (lining of ventricles)

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48
Q

Where (and what, briefly) are the olivary bodies?

A
  • oval-shaped glands in the anterior medulla, lateral to the pyramids
  • location of olivary nuclei
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49
Q

Where does cranial nerve IV exit the brain?

A

Exits from the posterior midbrain and wraps around to join with CN III.

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50
Q

What is found in the medullary pyramids?

A

Descending motor tracts

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51
Q

Where are the superior and inferior colliculi?

-what is their function?

A

Located on the posterior/dorsal side of the midbrain.

  • superior –> vision
  • inferior –> auditory
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52
Q

What are the three types of fibre tracts in the CNS (in the brain)?

A
  1. Association - goes btwn parts of brain, but stays in same hemisphere
  2. Commisural - goes btwn hemispheres
  3. Projection - projects between brain & body
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53
Q

What nucleus is located directly beside the lateral ventricles?

A

Caudate nucleus

54
Q

What nuclei are located lateral to the thymus?

Together, what are these nuclei called?

A

Globus pallidus
- more laterally –> Putamen.
Together called lentiform nucleus.

55
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

A major bundle of projection fibres located between the thalamus/caudate nucleus and the globus pallidus/putamen

56
Q

Which structures are part of the basal ganglia?

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • globus pallidus*
  • putamen*
    (*GP + P = Lentiform nucleus)
  • substantia nigra
  • subthalamic nucleus
57
Q

What are arachnoid granulations?

A

Conduits from subarachnoid space to between the two dural meninge layers (superior sagittal sinus).

58
Q

Name the structures where the CSF drains from the 4th ventricle.

A

Foramen of Magendii (medial).

Foramen of Lushke (lateral)

59
Q

What are the special senses?

A

Smell, vision, taste, hearing, balance

60
Q

Which cranial nerves are purely motor?

A

CN III, IV, VI, XI, & XII

61
Q

Which cranial nerves are mixed motor and sensory?

A

V, VII, IX, X

62
Q

What closes off the 4th ventricle dorsally?

A

Superior & inferior velum

63
Q

What cranial nerves arise in the midbrain?

A

III (anteriorly) & IV (posteriorly)

64
Q

Which cranial nerves have a nucleus in the midbrain?

A

III, IV, & V

65
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with the pons?

A

V, VI, VII, VIII

66
Q

Which cranial nerve arises in the basal pons?

A

V

67
Q

Which cranial nerves arise in the ponto-medullary junction?

Where are their nuclei?

A

VI, VII, VIII

Nuclei also in ponto medullary junction. W

68
Q

Which cranial nerves arise in the medulla?

Where are the nuclei?

A

IX, X, XII

Nuclei also in medulla

69
Q

Where does cranial nerve XI arise?

A

Upper levels of spinal cord

70
Q

What connects the third ventricle to the lateral ventricles?

A

Interventricular foramen

71
Q

Which spinal levels have the Joints of Luschka?

  • what is another name for these joints?
  • what makes up the joint?
A

C3-C7 have joints of Luschka.
- aka. uncovertebral joints –> forms from uncinate processes below (on lateral aspect of vertebral body) with uncus above.

72
Q

What modalities are carried by the Glossopharyngeal nerve and what are they each responsible for?

A

Sensory:

  • GSA –> sensation from pharynx, ear,
  • GVA –> carotid body input
  • SVA –> taste of posterior 1/3 of tongue

Motor:

  • SVE –> controls stylopharyngeus muscle
  • GVE –> controls parotid body secretion
73
Q

Where are the nuclei for the visceral afferent (GVA & SVA) fibers of CN IX (glossopharyngeal)?

A

Nucleus solitarus - rostral medulla

74
Q

Where are the nuclei for the visceral efferent (GVE & SVE) fibers of CN IX (glossopharyngeal)?

A

Just dorsal to the olives in the rostral medulla.

  • GVE –> salivatory nucleus
  • SVE –> nucleus ambiguus
75
Q

Where is the nucleus for the general somatic afferent (GSA) fibers of CN IX (glossopharyngeal)?

A

Trigeminal nucleus

76
Q

What travels through the jugular foramen?

A
  • Jugular vein
  • CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
  • CN X (vagus)
  • CN XI (accessory)
77
Q

How does CN XII (hypoglossal) exit the skull?

A

Exits via the hypoglossal canal (adjacent to foramen magnum)

78
Q

What travels through the superior orbital fissure?

A
  • CN III (oculomotor)
  • CN IV (trochlear)
    CN VI (abducens)
  • CN V branch V1 (opthalmic nerve)
  • superior opthalmic vein
79
Q

Where does CN VIII (vestibulocochlear) enter the skull?

- what else travels through this area?

A

Internal auditory meatus.

- CN VII (facial) also travels through here.

80
Q

What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) and where do they travel through the skull?

A

V1 (opthalmic) travels through superior orbital fissure.
V2 (maxillary) travels through foramen rotundum.
V3 (mandibular) travels through foramen ovale.

81
Q

What is the Foramen Lacerum?

A

an artifact.

  • in life it is filled with cartilage.
  • nothing travels through this ‘foramen’
82
Q

What are the branches that form V1 (opthalmic nerve)?

A
  1. Frontal nerve –> branches to supratrochlear & supraorbital nerves
  2. Nasociliary nerve
  3. Lacrimal nerve
83
Q

What types of fibers are found in each main branch of CN V (trigeminal)?

A

V1 - General Somatic Afferent
V2 - General Somatic Afferent
V3 - General Somatic Afferent & this travels with some Special Visceral Efferent fibres (for muscles of mastication)

84
Q

What and where are the nuclei of CN V?

- what information does each process?

A
  • Mesencephalic Nucleus (traverses midbrain to pons): processes proprioception from muscles of mastication
  • Motor Nucleus (pons): controls muscles of mastication
  • Chief Sensory Nucleus (pons): discriminative touch and vibration
  • Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus (caudal pons to start of spinal cord): pain & temp sensation from face
85
Q

Which spinal tracts need to be intact for genital orgasm to occur?

A

Spinothalamic & corticospinal

86
Q

What separates the thalamus from the globus pallidus/putamen?

A

The internal capsule (fiber tract)

87
Q

What are the two main gyri in the limbic lobe?

A
  • cingulate gyrus

- parahippocampal gyrus

88
Q

What is the main responsibility of the hippocampus?

A

memory

89
Q

What is the main responsibility of the amygdala?

A

emotional processing

90
Q

What connects the hippocampus to the mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus?

A

the fornix

91
Q

Which nerves have SSA (Special Somatic Afferent) fibers?

- what information is carried?

A

Only CN VIII - balance, hearing

92
Q

Which nerves have SVA (Special Visceral Afferent) fibers?

- what information do these carry?

A

CN IX & X - taste

93
Q

What types of inputs go to the solitary nucleus?

A

Taste & other visceral sensory inputs

solitary nucleus looks like a doughnut - involved in taste

94
Q

What is the clinical sign associated with increased pressure on the cerebral peduncles (due to transtentorial herniation)?

A

Paralysis/weakness on the contralateral side

95
Q

What is the clinical sign associated with increased pressure on CN III?

A

Parasympathetic fibers are affected first causing loss of pupil constriction.

96
Q

What is the parasympathetic efferent nerve for the thoracic and abdominal viscera?

A

CN X (Vagus)

97
Q

Where are the nuclei for the visceral afferent fibers of CN X (Vagus)?
- what are these fibers responsible for?

A

Nucleus Solitarus
- sensory info from thoracic & abdominal viscera, aortic arch stretch receptors, carotid body chemoreceptors, and larynx

98
Q

What modalities of CN X innervate the thoracic and abdominal viscera?

A
  • General Visceral Afferent (GVA)

- General Visceral Efferent (GVE)

99
Q

What is the nucleus for CN X fibers that are Special Visceral Efferent (SVE)?
- what is the function of these fibers?

A

Nucleus Ambiguus
(just posterior to the olives in the rostral medulla)
- motor to muscles of larynx & pharynx

100
Q

What is the nucleus for General Somatic Afferent (GSA) fibers in CN X?
- what is the function of these fibers?

A

Spinotrigeminal nucleus in the rostral medulla

- sensory from external ear, pharynx, larynx, & posterior meninges

101
Q

What is the nucleus for General Visceral Efferent (GVE) fibers in CN X?
- what is the function of these fibers?

A

Inferior Salivatory Nucleus
(just lateral to the hypoglossal nuclei in the rostral medulla)
- motor to thoracic & abdominal viscera.
- motor to smooth muscle and glands in larynx & parynx.

102
Q

What is the function of CN XI (Accessory)?

- what is the UMN input to this nerve?

A

Motor to sternocleidomastoid & trapezius.

- gets input from Corticobulbar tract.

103
Q

What is the function of CN XII?

- what type of fibers does it carry?

A

General Somatic Efferent (GSE) fibers.

- motor input to genioglossus & intrinsic muscles of tongue

104
Q

Is the genioglossus controlled insilaterally, contralaterally, or bilaterally by the UMNs?

A

Contralaterally

105
Q

Are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue controlled insilaterally, contralaterally, or bilaterally by the UMNs?

A

Bilaterally

106
Q

What is the function of the genioglossus muscle?

A

Protrudes tongue.

107
Q

Are the trapezius muscles controlled insilaterally, contralaterally, or bilaterally by the UMNs?

A

Contralaterally

108
Q

Are the sternocleidomastoid muscles controlled insilaterally, contralaterally, or bilaterally by the UMNs?

A

Ispilaterally

109
Q

What is the clinical sign with increased pressure on the medulla? (ie. in Tonsillar Herniation)

A

Breathing center is compromised and patient is in respiratory distress

110
Q

What are the components of the Pharyngeal (branchial) apparatus?

A
  1. Pharyngeal arches (consist of muscle component, cartilage, cranial nerve, aortic arch).
  2. Pharyngeal pouches
  3. Pharyngeal grooves
  4. Pharyngeal membranes
111
Q

What is the main anatomical difference between a pharyngeal pouch & a pharyngeal groove?

A

Both separate the pharyngeal arches.

  • Pharyngeal pouch is a balloon-like pocket found internally;
  • Pharyngeal groove is a cleft found externally
112
Q

Which nerves are associated with each pharyngeal arch?

A

1st arch - CN V (V2 & V3)
2nd arch - CN VII
3rd arch - CN IX
4th arch - CN X (Superior Laryngeal branch)
6th arch - CN X (Recurrent Laryngeal branch)

113
Q

What modalities of nerve fibers supply the derivatives of the pharyngeal arches?

A
  • General Visceral Afferent (sensory)

- Special Visceral Efferent (motor)

114
Q

What does the cartilage in the pharyngeal arches develop into?

A

1st arch (Meckel Cartilage) - middle ear ossicles & part of mandible
2nd arch (Reichert Cartilage) - one middle ear ossicle, styloid process, & part of hyoid bone
3rd arch cartilage - rest of the hyoid bone
4th/6th arche cartilages - laryngeal cartilage

115
Q

What muscles are derived from each of the pharyngeal arches?

A 
1st - Muscles of mastication, mylohyoid
2nd - Muscles of facial expression, stylohyoid
3rd - stylopharyngeus & glossopharyngeal
4th - Cricothyroid
6th - other layngeal muscles
116
Q

Which pharyngeal groove contributes to adult structures? and what are these structures?

A

1st pharyngeal groove develops into external acoustic meatus.

117
Q

Which pharyngeal membrane contributes to adult structures? and what are these structures?

A

1st pharyngeal membrane develops into the tympanic membrane

118
Q

What connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

A

Eustachian tube.

119
Q

What are the branches of CN V, V1 division?

A
  • Frontal nerve –> splits into supratrochlear & supraorbital branches
  • Nasociliary nerve –> splits into infratrochlear branch & ethmoid branch (adheres to the medial wall of the orbit)
  • Lacrimal nerve
120
Q

What are long & short ciliary nerves?

A

Long ciliary nerves: all sensory, feed into nasociliary nerve
Short ciliary - same as long ciliary but have parasympathetic fibers from CN III as well –> synapses in ciliary ganglion (has a sensory root & a motor root)

121
Q

What is another name for the vergence center?

- where is it?

A 
Supraoculomotor nucleus (SOA)
 - located in rostral midbrain
122
Q

What modality of fibers go through the Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus & tract?
- from which cranial nerves?

A

GSA - from CN V, VII, IX, & X

123
Q

Neurons of the mesencephalic reticular formation normally project to where?

A

To the intralaminar nucleus.

124
Q

Stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation results in what?

A

A disruption of slow wave activity indicative of arousal.

125
Q

What is the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

Specific projection nucleus for vision.

126
Q

What type of nucleus is the VPL? (specific or non-specific)

A

Specific projection nucleus

127
Q

Name a non-specific nucleus in the thalamus.

A

Centromedian nucleus

128
Q

What nucleus of the thalamus receives projections from CN V?
- specifically, which CN V nuclei are sending the information and what type of information is it?

A

VPM

  • receives info from spinal trigeminal nucleus of V (GSA: pain&temp)
  • receives info from chief sensory nucleus of V (GSA: touch&pressure)
129
Q

Where do fibers from the mesencephalic nucleus project to?

- what information is carried in these tracts?

A

Cerebellum

  • GSA: proprioceoption from muscles of mastication
  • important for jaw reflex
130
Q

The start of CN III (oculomotor) is found between which two arteries?

A

PCA (Posterior Cerebral a.)
&
SCA (Superior Cerebellar a.)

131
Q

Which brainstem nucleus is associated with stimulation of parotid gland?

A

Inferior Salivatory Nucleus

132
Q

What glands are stimulated by the facial nerve?

A

Submandibular (V3), sublingual (V3), & lacrimal (V1)

Brain & Behaviour (4 decks)

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