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Respiratory (Zoe) > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where would you palpate for the trachea?

A

In the jugular notch of the manubrium

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2
Q

Name the chest walls, in order from superficial to deep.

A 
Skin
Fascia (superficial and deep)
Skeletal muscle
Bones and joints
Parietal pleura
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3
Q

What do the chest walls do?

A

Protect internal organs
Make movements of breathing
Include breast tissue

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4
Q

What is the chest cavity?

A

It is located within the chest walls.
It contains vital organs, great vessels and nerves.
It consists of the mediastinum and the right and left pleural cavities

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5
Q

WHat is the function of pleural fluid?

A

Acts as lubricant

Provides surface tension

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6
Q

What is the pleural cavity between?

A

The visceral pleura and the parietal pleura.

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7
Q

What level is the sternal angle at?

A

The level of rib 2

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8
Q

Where is the costal margin?

A

Combined lower costal cartilages

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9
Q

What does the rib tubercle do?

A

Articulates with the transverse process of the vertebra of the same number.

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10
Q

What does the head of the rib do?

A

Articulates with the body of the vertebra of the same number and the body of the vertebra superiorly

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11
Q

What does the azygous vein do?

A

Drains the posterior parts of the intercostal spaces.

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12
Q

What does the thoracic aorta do?

A

Supplies the posterior parts of the intercostal spaces.

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13
Q

What supplies the anterior parts of the intercostal spaces?

A

The internal thoracic artery and veins. These course vertically either side of the deep surface of the sternum.

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14
Q

What is the 4th intercostal nerve also called? What would this do?

A

T4 anterior ramus. This would supply all the layers/structures of the right 4th intercostal space

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15
Q

What does the muscular part of the diaphragm attach do?

A

The sternum
The lower 6 ribs and their costal cartilages
L1 -L3 bodies.

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16
Q

What supplies the diaphragm?

A

The phrenic nerve; C3, 4 & 5

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17
Q

What is the phrenic nerve?

A

The combined anterior anterior rami of spinal nerves C3, 4 and 5

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18
Q

Where would you find the phrenic nerve?

A

In the neck, on the anterior surface of the scalenus anterior.
In the chest, descending over the lateral aspect of the fibrous pericardium

19
Q

What does the phrenic nerve supply?

A

Somatic sensory nerve
Sympathetic axons tot he diaphragm and fibrous pericardium
Somatic motor axons to the diaphragm

20
Q

What is the visceral pleura?

A

The outermost layer of the lung and the internal lining of the pleural cavity

21
Q

Describe the five stages of inspiration:

A
  1. Diaphragm contracts and descends increasing the vertical chest cavity dimension
  2. Intercostal muscles contract elevating the ribs and pulling the ribs anteriorly and laterally. This increases chest dimension.
  3. The chest walls pulls the lungs outwards with them due to surface tension and the potential vacuum becoming an actual vacuum.
  4. The lungs expand
  5. Air flows into the lungs down a pressure gradient,
22
Q

Describe the mechanism by which potential vacuum becomes an actual vacuum?

A

The chest walls begin to move and suck the visceral pleura towards the moving parietal pleura.

23
Q

Describe the five stages of expiration:

A
  1. Diaphragm relaxes and ascends decreasing th vertical chest cavity dimension
  2. The intercostal muscles relax returning the ribs to a resting position and decreasing chest cavity dimension
  3. Chest walls return to resting position, relaxing the stretch on the lungs and so surface tension decreases and actual vacuum becomes potential vacuum
  4. Lungs elastically recoil
  5. Air flows out of the lungs down a pressure gradient
24
Q

What are the branches of the intercostal nerves called?

A

Lateral and anterior cutaneous nerves.

25
Q

Where does the cephalic vein lie?

A

In the top of the arm, in the delto - pectoral groove

26
Q

What is the origin of the long thoracic nerve?

A

Brachial plexus

27
Q

What does the long thoracic nerve supply?

A

The serratus anterior via superficial surface

28
Q

What does the serratus anterior muscle do?

A

Anchors the medial border of the scapula to ribs 1 to 8

29
Q

What does injury to the long thoracic nerve result in?

A

Paralysis of the serratus anterior and a winged scapula.

30
Q

What structures are in the root of the lung?

A 
1 main bronchus
1 pulmonary artery
2 pulmonary veins
Lymphatics
Visceral afferents
Sympathetic nerves
Parasympathetic  nerves
31
Q

What sensory receptors need to be stimulates in order for a cough to occur?

A

In the…

  1. oropharynx
  2. larynogopharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Respiratory tree
32
Q

Briefly describe the five stages involved in coughing.

A
  1. Deep inspiration
  2. Adduction of vocal chords
  3. Contraction of anterolateral abdominal wall muscles by intercostal nerves
  4. Vocal chords abduct to open rima glottidis (vagus)
  5. Soft palate tenses and elevates (vagus) to close of entrance into nasopharynx
33
Q

What cranial nerves sensory receptors are stimulated in coughing?

A

9 and 10

Glossopharyngeal and vagus

34
Q

What is the carotid sheath and what does it contain (right side)

A

It is a protective tube of cervical deep fascia and attaches superiorly to the base of the skull. Contains

  • Vagus nerve
  • Internal carotid artery
  • Common carotid artery
  • Internal jugular vein
35
Q

What is contained within the pulmonary plexus?

A

Sympathetic axons
Parasympathetic axons
Visceral afferents

36
Q

How do the pulmonary visceral afferents reach the CNS?

A

They travel from the visceral pleura and respiratory tree to the plexus and then follow the vagus nerve to the medulla of the brainstem.

37
Q

How do motor axons travel to the lungs?

A

Motor axons travel from the tracheal bifurcation along the branches of the respiratory tree to supply all the mucous glands and bronchiolar smooth muscles.

38
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve supply somatic sensory and sympathetic axons to?

A
  1. The fibrous pericardium
  2. The mediastinal parietal pleura
  3. The diaphragmatic parietal pleura
  4. The diaphragmatic parietal peritoneum
    Somatic motor axons to the diaphragm
39
Q

What are the accessory muscle of inspiration?

A
  1. Pectoralis major
  2. Pectoralis minor
  3. Sternocleidomastoid
  4. Scalenus anterior, posterior and medius
40
Q

How does the vagus nerve descend through the neck?

A

Carotid sheath

41
Q

Where does the vagus nerve descend in the chest?

A

Posterior to the lung root to supply parasympathetic axons to chest organs including the lungs (pulmonary plexus)

42
Q

How doe stye vagus nerve pass into the diaphragm?

A

On the oesophagus

43
Q

Where does the vagus nerve finally divide?

A

On the surface of the stomach, into many parasympathetic branches for the foregut and midgut organs.

44
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

Surrounds the rectus abdominus muscles and is made from the aponeuroses of the other abdominal wall muscles (obliques and transversus abdominus)

Respiratory (Zoe) (7 decks)

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