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2nd year - Endocrinology > Anatomy 2 - Thyroid Gland > Flashcards

Anatomy 2 - Thyroid Gland Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the thyroid gland

A

2 lateral lobes (right and left)

Isthmus (a narrow connecting band)

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2
Q

What does the lobes of the thyroid gland attach to?

A

Lateral aspects of the thyroid and cricoid cartilages and the trachea

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3
Q

What does the isthmus lie anterior to?

A

The 2nd and 3rd cartilages of the trachea

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4
Q

What happens to a lump in the thyroid gland during swallowing?

A

Will move superiorly then inferiorly with the larynx (due to relationship with it and the trachea)

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5
Q

Where are the parathyroid gland located?

A

The 4 of them are located on the posterior surfaces of the thyroid gland’s lateral lobes

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6
Q

What is the name of the extra lobe of the thyroid gland that 28-55% of the population have?

A

pyramidal lobe

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7
Q

Where does the pyramidal lobe most commonly originate from?

A

The left lateral lobe (9.2% are not connected to the main thyroid gland)

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8
Q

where do most pyramidal lobes attach to superiorly?

A

The thyroid cartilage

May extend as far superiorly as the hyoid bone

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9
Q

Where does the thyroid gland begin its development?

A

As a midline epithelial proliferation at the junction between the anterior 2/3rds (oral/ horizontal part) and the posterior 1/3rd (oropharyngeal/ vertical part) of the tongue (foramen caecum in the adult)

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10
Q

What happens to the “thyroid gland” once it begins it development at the tongue?

A

It migrates inferiorly whilst remaining attached to the tongue via the thyroglossal duct

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11
Q

when does the thyroid gland reach its final position in embryology?

A

In the 7th week of development

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12
Q

Where can thyroglossal duct cysts or ectopic thyroid tissue be found?

A

Any position along the thyroid glands migratory path from the tongue

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13
Q

What’s the name of the skeletal muscle located in the anterior superficial fascia of the neck?

A

Platysma muscles

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14
Q

What group of muscles do the platysma muscles belong to?

A

“the muscles of facial expression”

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15
Q

Nerve supply to the platysma muscles?

A

CN VII - facial nerve

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16
Q

Where is the prevertebral (deep) fascia located?

A

Deep to the investing fascia posteriorly

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17
Q

What does the prevertebral (deep) fascia enclose?

A

The cervical vertebrae and the postural neck muscles

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18
Q

Where is the investing (deep) fascia located?

A

deep to the superficial fascia

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19
Q

What does the investing (deep) fascia enclose?

A

All the other neck fascial compartments and the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

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20
Q

Where are the carotid sheaths located?

A

Deep to the investing fascia and anterolaterally

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21
Q

What does the carotid sheaths contain?

A

Internal jugular veins
Common, then the internal carotid arteries
vagus nerves
deep cervical lymph nodes

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22
Q

Where is the pre tracheal (deep) fascia located?

A

Deep to the investing fascia

Anteriorly

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23
Q

What does the pre tracheal (deep) fascia enclose?

A 
The strap muscles
Thyroid gland
Trachea
Oesophagus
Recurrent laryngeal nerves
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24
Q

What lies between the pre tracheal and prevertebral fascia?

A

Retropharyngeal space

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25
Q

What does the descending part of the trapezius attach inferiorly to?

A

The spine of the scapula

The lateral end of the clavicle

26
Q

Where does the sternocleidomastoid muscle attach to?

A

Sternal head attaches to the manubrium of the sternum
Clavicular head attaches to the medial end of the clavicle
Both heads attach superiorly to the mastoid process of the temporal bone

27
Q

What is the name of the superficial vein in the superficial fascia of the anterior neck that drains into the external jugular vein?

A

Anterior jugular vein

28
Q

What is the name of the superficial vein in the superficial fascia of the lateral neck that can often be seen on people?

A

External jugular vein

29
Q

What does the external jugular vein drain into?

A

Subclavian vein

30
Q

Where are the carotid sheaths located in terms of the thyroid gland?

A

At either side

31
Q

Where do the carotid sheaths attach both superiorly and inferiorly?

A

Superiorly = base of the skull (around the jugular formate and the entrance to the carotid canal)
Blends inferiorly with the mediastinal fascia

32
Q

What are the 3 branches from the arch of the aorta?

A

Braciocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left braciocephalic trunk

33
Q

What arteries do the inferior thyroid arteries branch from?

A

Subclavian arteries

34
Q

What arteries do the superior thyroid arteries branch from?

A

External carotid arteries

35
Q

What provides the arterial supply to the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries (get some variation in this but won’t be examined on it)

36
Q

What drains blood from the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

37
Q

Where does lymph drained from the superior part of the thyroid and parathyroid glands drain to?

A

Superior deep cervical nodes

38
Q

Where does lymph drained from the inferior part of the thyroid glands drain to?

A

The inferior deep cervical lymph nodes

39
Q

Where is lymph from the right deep cervical nodes drained to?

A

Via the right lymphatic duct to the right venous angle

40
Q

Where is lymph from the left deep cervical nodes drained to?

A

via the thoracic duct to the left venous angle

41
Q

Apart from the deep cervical nodes, what other lymph vessels drain the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

Tracheal lymph nodes:
Pretracheal node
Paratracheal nodes

42
Q

What number is the vagus nerve?

A

CN X

43
Q

Where in the brain does the vagus nerve connect to?

A

The medulla oblongzta

44
Q

Where in the skull does the vagus nerve pass through?

A

Jugular foramen

45
Q

How does the vagus nerve pass down the neck?

A

In the carotid sheath

46
Q

In the neck, what somatic branches to the larynx does the vagus nerve give off?

A

Superior laryngeal nerve

Right recurrent laryngeal nerve

47
Q

Where does the right vagus nerve pass in the chest?

A

Right lateral aspect of trachea
Posterior to the right lung root
Onto the oesophagus

48
Q

Where does the left vagus nerve pass in the chest?

A

Left side of the arch of the aorta
Gives off the left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Posterior to the left lung root
Onto the oesophagus

49
Q

What do the vagus nerves do at the diaphragm?

A

Pass through with the oesophagus and divide into their terminal branches on the surface if the stomach supplying the abdominal organs with parasympathetic axons to the distal midgut

50
Q

What does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve hook under?

A

The arch of the aorta

51
Q

What does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve hook under?

A

The right subclavian artery

52
Q

Name of the 4 strap muscles?

A

Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Sternothryoid

53
Q

What does the fascial sling do in terms of the strap muscles?

A

Attaches the intermediate tendon of the omohyoid to the clavicle

54
Q

What are the 2 parts of the omohyoid muscle?

A

Superior belly

Inferior belly

55
Q

What are the surgical approaches to the thyroid gland?

A 
Classical thyroidectomy (similar approach to tracheostomy)
Endoscopically assisted thyroidectomy
Endoscopic trans-axillary approach
Endoscopic trans-breast approach
56
Q

Name the incision made in a classical thyroidectomy - what does it follow?
Where is this located?

A

A “collar” incision -> made within the natural skin crease or in the direction of Langer’s lines -> just superior to clavicles and jugular notch

57
Q

In a “collar” incision, what is cut through?

A

Skin and platysma

58
Q

What is the anatomical name of the adams apple?

A

Laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage

59
Q

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve provide?

A

Somatic motor supply to most of the skeletal muscles that move the vocal cords (intrinsic muscles of the larynx)

60
Q

What can recurrent laryngeal nerve injury result in?

what does the manifest as if unilateral/ bilateral injury?

A

Paralysis of the vocal cord
Unilateral = hoarsness or weakness of the voice
Bilateral = aphonia and inability to close the rima glottidis to prevent aspiration or to produce a good cough

2nd year - Endocrinology (4 decks)

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