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2nd year - Endocrinology > Anatomy 1 - Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Anatomy 1 - Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine glands of the cranial cavity?

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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2
Q

Name for the combination of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

A

Hypophysis

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3
Q

Endocrine glands in the neck?

A

4 parathyroid glands and the thyroid gland

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4
Q

Endocrine glands in the abdomen?

A

adrenal (suprarenal) glands and the pancreas

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5
Q

What part of the abdomen are the abdominal endocrine glands located in?

A

Retroperitoneum

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6
Q

Endocrine glands of the pelvis in females?

A

2 ovaries (in the broad ligaments)

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7
Q

Endocrine glands of the pelvis in males?

A

2 testes (in the scrotum)

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8
Q

What is the name of the inferior continuation of the brainstem?

A

Spinal cord

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9
Q

Name of the combination of thalamus and hypothalamus?

A

Diencephalon

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10
Q

Where is the diencephalon located?

A

Between the cerebrum and brainstem -> central core of the cerebrum

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11
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla (oblongata)

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12
Q

In what ways is the hypothalamus connected to the pituitary gland?
How is this done?

A

Anatomically and functionally

Via the infundibulum or “pituitary stalk”

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13
Q

How is the pituitary gland anatomically and functionally divided?

A

Into the anterior and posterior pituitary

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14
Q

What part of the floor of the cranial cavity does the pituitary gland sit in?

A

Midline structure in the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone (within the sella turcica)

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15
Q

What does the pituitary fossa (which the pituitary gland is located in) lie within?

A

The sella turcica

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16
Q

What are the name of the processes (2x anterior and 2x posterior) that mark the margins of the sella turcica?

A

Clenoid processes

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17
Q

What structure lies immediately superior to the pituitary gland?

A

The optic chiasm

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18
Q

What forms the optic chiasm?

A

The right and left optic nerves

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19
Q

What CN number is the optic nerves?

A

CNs II

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20
Q

What passes posteriorly from the optic chiasm?

A

The right and left optic tracts

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21
Q

what is the route between the optic tracts to the occipital lobe?

A

The optic tracts synapse in the thalamus

The next axons in the chain pass via the optic radiation to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe

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22
Q

What is the optic canal?

A

Bony channel which the optic nerve passes through in the sphenoid bone

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23
Q

What is the course of a visual stimuli in the nasal side of the visual field of the right eye?

A

Picked up by the temporal retina which passes stimulation along the right optic nerve to the optic chiasm
Then passes along the right optic tract to the thalamus where it synapses
Next axons pass via the right optic radiation to visual cortex in the occipital lobe

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24
Q

What are the 2 parts of the retina?

A

Temporal retina and nasal retina

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25
Q

What is the course of a visual stimuli in the (temporal) visual field of the right eye?

A

Picked up by the nasal retina which passes stimulation along the right optic nerve to the optic chiasm
Then passes along the left optic tract to the thalamus where it synapses
Next axons pass via the left optic radiation to visual cortex in the occipital lobe

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26
Q

What structure in the visual pathway can a pituitary tumour affect?

A

The optic chiasm

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27
Q

What effect can midline compression of the optic chiasm have on vision?
How?
What is this called?

A

Disrupts the transmission of action potentials from the nasal retina bilaterally
Patient loses the ability to see structures in the temporal side of the visual field bilaterally
Bitemporal hemianopia

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28
Q

Where are the sphenoidal sinuses located?

A

At the back of the nasopharynx in the sphenoid bone

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29
Q

2 options for surgical access to the pituitary fossa?

A

Transcranial approach

Transsphenoidal approach

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30
Q

Describe the transcranial approach to the pituitary fossa?

A

Subfrontal - under the frontal lobe

31
Q

Describe the transsphenoidal approach to the pituitary fossa?

A

Via nasal cavities and sphenoid sinus -> requires the surgical fracture of the nasal septum and the floor and roof of the sphenoid sinuses

32
Q

What makes up the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

33
Q

What makes up the superior part of the nasal septum?

A

The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

34
Q

What makes up the inferior part of the nasal septum?

A

the vomer

35
Q

What makes up the hard palate?

A

Mainly the maxilla

36
Q

What are the 3 types of nasal conchae?

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior
(right and left of each of these)

37
Q

What bone makes up what nasal conchae?

A

Superior and middle nasal conchae = ethmoid bone

Inferior nasal conchae = bony structure itself

38
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Air-filled spaces within the bones surrounding the nasal cavities

39
Q

Name the 4 paranasal sinuses with what bone they lie within?

A 
Frontal sinuses (frontal bone)
Maxillary sinuses (maxillary sinuses)
Ethmoidal air cells (ethmoidal air cells)
Sphenoid sinuses (sphenoid sinuses)
40
Q

What is the purpose of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Queried whether they have any real function - proposed functions are to make mucous and drain it into the nasal cavities through ostia (bony drainage holes) reduce the weight of the skull, add resonance to the voice

41
Q

Are the frontal sinuses connected?

A

They often connect in the midline

42
Q

Describe the ethmoid air cells?

A

3 groups located between the nasal cavity and the orbit

43
Q

Describe the maxillary sinuses?

A

One sinus within each maxilla

44
Q

What are the maxillary sinuses also known as?

A

The antrum

Pleural = antra

45
Q

Describe the sphenoid sinuses?

A

Right and left located within the body of the sphenoid bone (sometimes connected in the midline)

46
Q

In more complicated cases, what surgical access can be made to get better access to the pituitary gland?

A

Le Fort I down-fracture

47
Q

What artery passes across the anterior surface of the pons?

A

The basilar artery

48
Q

What does the circle of willis act as?

A

An anastomosis between the anterior and posterior parts of the brain

49
Q

what branches off of the circle of willis at around midway?

A

The internal carotid arteries

50
Q

What branches from the basilar artery and passes on the spinal cord?

A

The vertebral arteries

51
Q

What is the name of the menaingal layer that is closest to the bones of the skull?

A

the dura mater

52
Q

What is the name of the tough sheet of dura mater that “tents” over the cerebellum within the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

53
Q

Why does the tantrum cerebelli have a central gap?

A

To permit the brainstem to pass through

54
Q

What is the name of the tough sheet of dura mater that forms a roof (diaphragm) over the pituitary fossa?

A

Diaphragm sellae

55
Q

What are dural venous sinuses?

A

Venous channels within the dura mater that drain most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity (including the brain) into the internal jugular veins (not histologically veins but function like veins)

56
Q

What does the intercavernous sinus do?

A

Connects the right and left cavernous sinuses anterior to the pituitary gland

57
Q

What arteries pass through the cavernous sinuses?

A

The internal carotid arteries

58
Q

Where do the dural venous sinuses drain to the internal jugular veins?

A

At the jugular foramina in the floor of the posterior cranial fossa

59
Q

What makes the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus?

A

Dura matter

60
Q

What is the ophthalmic artery a branch from?

How does it enter the orbit?

A

Internal carotid artery

Optic canal

61
Q

What nerves pass in the cavernous sinus?

A

Oculomotor (CN III)
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Opthalamic division of trigmeninal nerve (CN V1)
Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2)
Abducent nerve (CN VI)

62
Q

What does the internal carotid artery enter in the right temporal bone?

A

The carotid canal

63
Q

What is the function of the oculomotor nerve?

A

motor supply to muscles that move the eyeball

Parasympathetic supply to the sphincter muscle of the iris

64
Q

Functional deficit if oculomotor nerve damaged in pituitary gland surgery?

A

Problems with eye movements

A dilated pupil

65
Q

Function of the trochlear nerve?

A

Motor to one muscle that moves the globe

66
Q

Functional deficit caused by damage of trochlear nerve in surgery?

A

Problems with specific eye movements

67
Q

Function of trigeminal nerve?

A

Sensory to most of the face

Motor to muscles of mastication

68
Q

Functional deficit caused by damage of trigeminal nerve in surgery?

A

Sensory symptoms of the face

Difficulty chewing

69
Q

Function of abducent nerve?

A

Motor to one muscle that moves the eyeball

70
Q

Functional deficit caused by damage of abducent nerve in surgery?

A

Problems with specific eye movements

71
Q

Functional deficit caused by damage of cavernous sinus in surgery?

A

Venous haemorrhage

72
Q

Function of internal carotid artery?

A

Supplies arterial blood to brain and orbit

73
Q

Possible problem caused by damage of the dura matter in pituitary gland surgery?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak

2nd year - Endocrinology (4 decks)

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