Anatomy 2 test Flashcards
Components of the pulmonary circulation
Pulmonary circulation includes a vast network of arteries, veins, and lymphatics that function to exchange blood and other tissue fluids between the heart, the lungs, and back
Components of systemic circulation
Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues of the body. From the tissue capillaries, the deoxygenated blood returns through a system of veins to the right atrium of the heart.
Heart location
mediastinum
- thoracic cavity
- medial between two lungs
- sits in pericardium
Pericardium
protects heart from damage; tight pillow case
1. pericardium
2. fibrous pericardium/serous pericardium
3. parietal pericardium/ visceral pericardium
4. pericardial cavity
Heart wall
- epicardium (outer)
- vicseral pericardium
- lubricates/protect the outside of heart - myocardium (middle)
- trabeculae carneae
- composed of cardiac muscle, makes up majority/mass of heart - endocardium (inner)
- majority of thickness comes from myocardium
- keeps blood from sticking to the inside of the heart
Major heart vessels
- superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
- pulmonary trunk
- pulmonary veins
- aorta
Major heart chambers
L/R atrium
- blood collecting chambers
L/R ventricles
- pump blood out of the heart
R- deoxygenated blood
L- oxygenated blood
Heart valves
- tricuspid
- pulmonary
- bicuspid/ mitral
- aortic
Myocardium
composed of cardiac muscle
- makes up majority/mass of heart
Systole
the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries.
Diastole
the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood.
Electrical conducting system of the heart
- Sinoatrial node (SA)
- Atrioventricular node (AV)
- Atrioventricular bundle (AV)
- Purkinje fibers
Resting membrane potential
heart sitting at -95
Action potential
+30 mV
Stroke volume
the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction.
Chemoreceptors
special nerve cells or receptors that sense changes in the chemical composition of the blood.
The nervous system control of the heart
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the component of the peripheral nervous system that controls cardiac muscle contraction, visceral activities, and glandular functions of the body.
Function of arteries
any vessels that carries blood away from the heart
Function of the veins
any vessel that carries blood toward the heart
Types of arteries
wall
-tunica interna
-tunica media
- tunica externa
conducting arteries
medium arteries
Blood flow through pulmonary circulation
Blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. It then flows through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery before being delivered to the lungs
Arteries of the upper limbs
ascending aorta
aortic arch
brachiocephalic
R/L radial
R/L ulnar
R/L common carotid
R/L external carotid
R/L internal carotid
R/L vertebral
R/L subclavian
Veins of the upper limbs
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
subclavian
R/L axillary
R/L external jugular
Arteries of the lower
R/L internal iliac
descending aorta
R/L renal
R/L testicular
R/L ovarian
R/L common iliac
R/L femoral
R/L digitals
Veins of the lower
pancreatic
gastric
R/L suprarenal
R/L femoral
R/L popliteal
Blood pressure measurement
pressure- force that drive blood through the vessels due to pumping of heart
systolic- diastolic= pulse pressure
Arterial pressure
Neural controls
- vasomotor center
- cardiac center
- baroreceptors
- chemoreceptors
Chemical/ Hormones
- epinephrine
- angiotensin
- ADH
- blood volume
Pulse
systolic- first heart sound (contract)
diastolic- last heart sound (relax)
Blood velocity
lowest in capillaries
Lymphatic system
system of capillaries/ducts
picking up fluid left in the interstitial space
- cleans the fluid from the toxin, bacteria, and pathogens
Organs of the lymphatic system
spleen
lymph nodes
thymus
tonsils
peyer’s patches
Lymphatic capillaries
-permits passage of high molecular weight substance
- fluid leaks through mini valve into lymph capillaries
- higher pressure on the inside closes mini valve
Lymph
mostly fluid
transparent/slightly yellow
derived from tissue fluid
96% water 4%solids
- lipids
- carbs
- electrolytes
- cellular content
Rate of lymph flow
120 ml/hr
3-4 liters a day
Trunks of the lymphatic system
jugular lymph trunks, subclavian lymph trunks, bronchomediastinal lymph trunks, and lumbar lymph trunks
Innate immunity
First line of defense, readily available
1.
- mechanical barriers
- chemical barriers
2.
- phagocytes
- inflammatory response
- protective proteins
Adaptive
2nd line of defense/ B,T cells/ specific/delayed
- humoral immunity
- protect against specific pathogens
B cells
produce plasma cells
- antibody factories
each B cell has specific membrane bound surface antibody that binds to specific receptor
Lymph flow through a lymph node
Structure of antibody
trunk is fixed
- determines class of antibody
arms are variable portion
- where specific antigens bind
