Anatomy 1 test Flashcards
Directional terms
Body planes
- Sagittal (midsagittal)
- Transverse
- Frontal (coronal)
Central Nervous System
Brain and Spine
Peripheral Nervous System
The rest of the nerves
1. sensory division
2. motor divison
- somatic NS
- autonomic NS
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic
Parasympathetic NS
REST AND DIGEST
Fibers leave the spinal cord in the cranial and sacral regions
- leave straight from the spinal cord and top/bottom
- innervate the inner visceral organs
Sympathetic NS
FIGHT OR FLIGHT
Preganglionic nerves leave from all along the spinal
- fibers leave the spinal cord in the thoracic and lumbar region
- viceral abdominal organs
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that the cell uses to make a decision
- released in the synapse
- either active of inhibit
- chemicals released at the synaptic cleft
EX- acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, etc.
Receptor location
Autonomic NS- effects
Eye- dilation or constriction
heart rate- increase or decrease
blood pressure- elevate or depress
gastrointestinal tract- increase activity or decrease activity
Blocking agents
Ach- released at the synapse in order to release the action potential at the effector organ
Effects of the ANS
- skeletal muscle is not an effector
- skeletal muscle are not directly innervated by the ANS
- fibers leave the spinal cord in the thoracic and lumbar regions (SNS)
- fiber leave the spinal cord in the cranial and sacral region (PNS)
- neurons reside inside the gastrointestinal tract (enteric NS)
Chemicals of the endocrine system
Hormones
Organs of the endocrine system
- hypothalamus
- pineal body
- pituitary gland
- parathyroid gland
- thyroid gland
- thymus
- adrenal gland
- pancreas
- ovaries
- testes
Hormonal characteristics
- regulatory system
- maintains homeostasis internally
- responds to help cope with environment changes
- growth and development
- reproduction
Thyroid hormone
control
- sleep.wake cycle
- anxiety
- tolerance
- appetite
- metabolism
- losing or gaining weight
Aldosterone
Regulates balances of sodium, potassium, and water
Eliminated by…
Epinephrine
Secretion- adrenal gland
Action- adrenaline
Glucagon
Binds to receptors on the pancreas
Binding of hormones
binds to specific target tissues
Hormonal communication- dehydration
Hormones of the anterior pituitary
6 trophic hormones
- prolactin
- thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Feedback loop…
How hormones travel in the blood
Water- soluble hormones = protein or peptide hormone
- hydrophilic
Fat- soluble hormones = steroid hormone
- hydrophobic
Link between ANS and endocrine system
endocrine system consists of glands which secrete hormones into bloodstream to maintain homeostasis
Functions of the endocrine system
- release hormones into the bloodstream
1. regulatory system
2. maintains homeostais
3. responds to help cope with environmental changes
4. growth and development
5. reproduction
Endocrine organs
Hypothalamus
Pineal body
Pituitary gland
Parathyroid gland
Thyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Structures that surround the pituitary gland
anterior lobe
posterior lobe
parathyroid gland
Hypothalamus
control center
- part of the CNS and the endocrine system
- controls negative feedback loop
- release inhibiting hormones
Anterior pituitary
growth hormones
Hormones of anterior pituitary gland
Prolactin and endorphins
TRH- TSH- TH
TRH- regulates the release of thyroid stimulating hormones from the pituitary
TSH- thyroid stimulating hormones
Thyroid gland
controls metabolism
makes thyroid hormones
Hypothyroidism
thyriod doesn’t create and release enough thyroid hormone into the bloodstream
ADH
Melatonin
Sleep production
Antagonistic hormones
Hormones that raise glucose levels
glucagon
Function of blood
- blood, hear, vessels
Disorders
Anemia- medical condition in which the red blood cell count, or hemoglobin is less than normal
- hemorrhagic anemia
- iron deficiency
- hemolytic anemia
- aplastic anemia
- pernicious anemia
White blood cells
Neutrophils 60-70%
Lymphocytes 20-25%
Monocytes 3-8%
Eosinophils 2-4%
Basophils 0.5-1%
Plasma protiens
Help maintain the osmotic pressure
-Albumins
-Globulins
-Fibrinogen
Hemoglobin
Respiratory carrier; transports oxygen and returns CO2
Iron
Content of erythrocytes
- value is measured as total hemoglobin content of blood
All white blood cells
Erythropoiesis
Red blood cell production
- signal to produc RBC
- stimulated by hormone erythropoietin
ABO blood type
4 blood types
Universal donor
0- is universal donor
AB is universal recipient
Rh antibodies
If Rh factor is present then they are Rh+
