Anatomy 1 test

Question 1

Directional terms

Question 2

Body planes

Answer 2

• Sagittal (midsagittal)
• Transverse
• Frontal (coronal)

Question 3

Central Nervous System

Answer 3

Brain and Spine

Question 4

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 4

The rest of the nerves
1. sensory division
2. motor divison
- somatic NS
- autonomic NS
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic

Question 5

Parasympathetic NS

Answer 5

REST AND DIGEST
Fibers leave the spinal cord in the cranial and sacral regions
- leave straight from the spinal cord and top/bottom
- innervate the inner visceral organs

Question 6

Sympathetic NS

Answer 6

FIGHT OR FLIGHT
Preganglionic nerves leave from all along the spinal
- fibers leave the spinal cord in the thoracic and lumbar region
- viceral abdominal organs

Question 7

Neurotransmitters

Answer 7

Chemical messengers that the cell uses to make a decision
- released in the synapse
- either active of inhibit
- chemicals released at the synaptic cleft
EX- acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, etc.

Question 8

Receptor location

Question 9

Autonomic NS- effects

Answer 9

Eye- dilation or constriction
heart rate- increase or decrease
blood pressure- elevate or depress
gastrointestinal tract- increase activity or decrease activity

Question 10

Blocking agents

Answer 10

Ach- released at the synapse in order to release the action potential at the effector organ

Question 11

Effects of the ANS

Answer 11

• skeletal muscle is not an effector
• skeletal muscle are not directly innervated by the ANS
• fibers leave the spinal cord in the thoracic and lumbar regions (SNS)
• fiber leave the spinal cord in the cranial and sacral region (PNS)
• neurons reside inside the gastrointestinal tract (enteric NS)

Question 12

Chemicals of the endocrine system

Answer 12

Hormones

Question 13

Organs of the endocrine system

Answer 13

• hypothalamus
• pineal body
• pituitary gland
• parathyroid gland
• thyroid gland
• thymus
• adrenal gland
• pancreas
• ovaries
• testes

Question 14

Hormonal characteristics

Answer 14

• regulatory system
• maintains homeostasis internally
• responds to help cope with environment changes
• growth and development
• reproduction

Question 15

Thyroid hormone

Answer 15

control
- sleep.wake cycle
- anxiety
- tolerance
- appetite
- metabolism
- losing or gaining weight

Question 16

Aldosterone

Answer 16

Regulates balances of sodium, potassium, and water
Eliminated by…

Question 17

Epinephrine

Answer 17

Secretion- adrenal gland
Action- adrenaline

Question 18

Glucagon

Answer 18

Binds to receptors on the pancreas

Question 19

Binding of hormones

Answer 19

binds to specific target tissues

Question 20

Hormonal communication- dehydration

Question 21

Hormones of the anterior pituitary

Answer 21

6 trophic hormones
- prolactin
- thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Feedback loop…

Question 22

How hormones travel in the blood

Answer 22

Water- soluble hormones = protein or peptide hormone
- hydrophilic
Fat- soluble hormones = steroid hormone
- hydrophobic

Question 23

Link between ANS and endocrine system

Answer 23

endocrine system consists of glands which secrete hormones into bloodstream to maintain homeostasis

Question 24

Functions of the endocrine system

Answer 24

• release hormones into the bloodstream
  1. regulatory system
  2. maintains homeostais
  3. responds to help cope with environmental changes
  4. growth and development
  5. reproduction

Question 25

Endocrine organs

Answer 25

Hypothalamus
Pineal body
Pituitary gland
Parathyroid gland
Thyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes

Question 26

Structures that surround the pituitary gland

Answer 26

anterior lobe
posterior lobe
parathyroid gland

Question 27

Hypothalamus

Answer 27

control center
- part of the CNS and the endocrine system
- controls negative feedback loop
- release inhibiting hormones

Question 28

Anterior pituitary

Answer 28

growth hormones

Question 29

Hormones of anterior pituitary gland

Answer 29

Prolactin and endorphins

Question 30

TRH- TSH- TH

Answer 30

TRH- regulates the release of thyroid stimulating hormones from the pituitary
TSH- thyroid stimulating hormones

Question 31

Thyroid gland

Answer 31

controls metabolism
makes thyroid hormones

Question 32

Hypothyroidism

Answer 32

thyriod doesn’t create and release enough thyroid hormone into the bloodstream

Question 33

ADH

Question 34

Melatonin

Answer 34

Sleep production

Question 35

Antagonistic hormones

Question 36

Hormones that raise glucose levels

Answer 36

glucagon

Question 37

Function of blood

Answer 37

• blood, hear, vessels

Question 38

Disorders

Answer 38

Anemia- medical condition in which the red blood cell count, or hemoglobin is less than normal
- hemorrhagic anemia
- iron deficiency
- hemolytic anemia
- aplastic anemia
- pernicious anemia

Question 39

White blood cells

Answer 39

Neutrophils 60-70%
Lymphocytes 20-25%
Monocytes 3-8%
Eosinophils 2-4%
Basophils 0.5-1%

Question 40

Plasma protiens

Answer 40

Help maintain the osmotic pressure
-Albumins
-Globulins
-Fibrinogen

Question 41

Hemoglobin

Answer 41

Respiratory carrier; transports oxygen and returns CO2
Iron
Content of erythrocytes
- value is measured as total hemoglobin content of blood

Question 42

All white blood cells

Question 43

Erythropoiesis

Answer 43

Red blood cell production
- signal to produc RBC
- stimulated by hormone erythropoietin

Question 44

ABO blood type

Answer 44

4 blood types

Question 45

Universal donor

Answer 45

0- is universal donor
AB is universal recipient

Question 46

Rh antibodies

Answer 46

If Rh factor is present then they are Rh+