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2nd Year - Renal > Anatomy 2 - Lower Urinary Tract and Male Repro Tract > Flashcards

Anatomy 2 - Lower Urinary Tract and Male Repro Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the false pelvis?

A

From iliac crests to pelvic inlet (part of abdominal cavity)

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2
Q

What is the true pelvis?

A

From pelvic inlet to pelvic floor (pelvic cavity)

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3
Q

What is the main muscle of the pelvic floor?

A

Levator ani

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4
Q

What is another name for the pelvic floor?

A

Pelvic diaphragm

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5
Q

Other name for the pelvic cavity?

A

True pelvis

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6
Q

What are the borders of the perineum?

A

Pubic symphysis and coccyx between the pelvic floor and skin

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7
Q

What are the purpose of the openings in the pelvic floor?

A

To allow the distal parts of the alimentary, renal and reproductive tracts to pass through from the pelvic cavity into the perineum

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8
Q

Do the ureters normally pass anterior or posterior to the common iliac vessels to enter the pelvis?

A

Anterior

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9
Q

At what level do the ureters turn medially to enter the posterior aspect of the bladder?

A

At the level of the ischial spine

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10
Q

How is the route of the ureters related to the peritoneum?

A

Sub-peritoneal

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11
Q

In what direction do the ureters enter the posterior bladder wall?
Why is this important?

A

In an inferomedial direction

Helps prevent reflux of urine back into the ureters when the bladder contracts

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12
Q

What is the name of the most inferior part of the male peritoneal cavity (in the anatomical position) between the rectum and bladder?

A

Rectovesicle pouch

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13
Q

Name of the opening to the inguinal canal?

A

Deep inguinal ring

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14
Q

What passes through the inguinal canal in men?

A

Spermatic cord

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15
Q

What passes through the inguinal canal in women?

A

Round ligament of the uterus

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the round ligament of the uterus?

A

Attaches the uterus to the perineum via the inguinal canal

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17
Q

Name of the part of the peritoneal cavity between the bladder and uterus?

A

Vesico-uterine pouch

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18
Q

Name of the part of the peritoneal cavity between the rectum and uterus?

A

Rectouterine pouch (of Douglas)

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19
Q

What is the most inferior part of the female peritoneal cavity in the anatomical position?

A

Rectouterine pouch (of Douglas)

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20
Q

Does the ureter run anteriorly or posteriorly to the uterine tubes and the uterine artery?

A

Posteriorly (“water under the bridge”)

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21
Q

Position of ureter to vas deferens?

A

Ureter runs inferiorly to the vas deferens

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22
Q

What artery are most of the arteries entering the pelvis branches from?

A

The internal iliac artery

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23
Q

What vein do most veins from the pelvis drain to?

A

The internal iliac vein

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24
Q

What arteries branch from the internal iliac artery in females?

A 
Vesical arteries (to bladder)
Uterine artery
Vaginal artery
Middle rectal artery
(from anterior to posterior)
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25
Q

What arteries branch from the internal iliac artery in males?

A 
Vescial arteries (to bladder)
Prostatic arteries (often branches from the vesicle arteries)
Middle rectal artery
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26
Q

What’s the name of the triangle shape on the internal aspect of the bladder?

A

The Trigone

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27
Q

What makes up the 3 corners of the trigone?

A

The 2 ureteric orifices and internal urethral orifice

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28
Q

What is the name for the posterior aspect of the bladder? What opens here?

A

Base of the bladder

Ureteric orifices

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29
Q

What’s the name of the inferior aspect of the bladder?

What opens here?

A

Floor of the bladder

Internal urethral orifice

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30
Q

What structure surrounds the urethra in men?

A

Prostate gland

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31
Q

Where is the prostate situated in relation to the bladder?

A

Inferior

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32
Q

Name of the muscle which forms the main bulk of the bladder wall?

A

Detrusor muscle

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33
Q

What mechanism (related to the detrusor muscle) helps to prevent reflux of urine superiorly into the ureter?

A

Detrusor muscle encircles the ureteric orifices and tighten when he bladder contracts

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34
Q

What is present around the neck of the male bladder?

What is this formed from?

A

Internal urethral sphincter muscle

Formed from detrusor muscle

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35
Q

What is the purpose of the internal urethral sphincter muscle?

A

Contracts during ejaculation to prevent retrograde ejection of semen back into the bladder

36
Q

What does the bladder lie posterior to when empty?

A

The pubic bone

37
Q

Where does the uterus sit in relation to the bladder?

Position of the uterus?

A

Body of the uterus usually lies superior to the bladder
In an anteflexed position
(most of the weight of the uterus is therefore borne by the bladder)

38
Q

What parts of the bladder does the peritoneum cover?

A

The superior surface only

39
Q

2 routes of catheterising a patients bladder?

A

Urethral (more common)

Suprapubic (through anterior abdominal wall and avoiding peritoneal cavity)

40
Q

Is the external urethral sphincter under voluntary or involuntary control?

A

Voluntary

41
Q

Where is the external urethral orrifice located?

A

In the perineum

42
Q

Apart from the external urethral sphincter, what other structure acts as a sphincter in females?

A

Levator ani muscle (urethra must pass through it to reach the exterior of the body)

43
Q

How long approximately is the male urethra?

A

20cm

44
Q

Other name for the external urethral orifice?

A

External urethral meatus

45
Q

Name of the male urethra located within the corpus spongiosum?

A

Spongy urethra

46
Q

Which gender has an internal urethral sphincter?

A

Males

47
Q

Is the internal urethral sphincter under voluntary or involuntary control?

A

Involuntary

48
Q

Name of the urethra located within the prostate gland?

A

Porstatic urethra

49
Q

Where is the external urethral sphincter located in males?

A

Just below the prostate gland

50
Q

Other name for the spongy urethra?

A

Penile urethra

51
Q

What is the part of the male reproductive system that stores sperm and transports them from the testes to the vas deferens?

A

Epididymis

52
Q

Part of male reproductive system that carries sperm from the epidiymis to the ejaculatory duct?

A

Vas deferens

53
Q

Part of male reproductive tract that produces seminal fluid?

A

Seminal gland

54
Q

What is formed from union of the vas deferens with the seminal vesicle?

A

Ejaculatory ducts

55
Q

What is the original position of the testes?

What happens during foetal development?

A

Posterior abdomen

They move through the inguinal canal to the scrotum

56
Q

What is contained within the spermatic cord?

A

Testicular artery
Testicular vein (made by pampiniform plexus)
Vas deferens
Lymphatic vessels
Nerves (autonomic for smooth muscle of vas and somatic for cremaster muscle)

57
Q

Purpose of cremaster muscle?

A

Can partially raise the testicle

58
Q

What’s the name of the sac that the testis sits within in the scrotum?

A

Tunica vaginalis

59
Q

What is the name of the embryological remnant of tissue usually located on the upper portion of the testis?

A

Appendix testis

60
Q

What problem can the appendix testis cause?

A

Can twist = “torsion of the appendix testis”

61
Q

Name for excess fluid within the tunica vaginalis?

A

Hydrocele

62
Q

What drains deoxygenated blood from the testis?

A

Pampiniform venous plexus

63
Q

What do the testicular arteries branch from?

A

The Aorta

64
Q

What does the right testicular vein drain to?

A

IVC

65
Q

What does the left testicular vein drain to?

A

Renal vein

66
Q

What structures pass through the deep inguinal ring of males?

A 
Testicular artery
Testicular vein
Vas deferens
Lymphatics
Nerves
67
Q

The epididymis is palpated at the anterior aspect of the testis - T or F?

A

False - posterior aspect

68
Q

At what pole of the testis does the vas deferens begin?

A

Inferior pole

69
Q

What direction does the vas deferens turn at the deep inguinal ring?

A

Medially into the pelvis

70
Q

What drains through the prostatic ducts?

A

Glandular secretions from the prostate drain into the prostatic urethra

71
Q

What is the inferior aspect of the prostate gland in contact with?

A

Levator ani muscle

72
Q

Size of prostate gland?

A

Approx. walnut sized

73
Q

What opens into the prostatic urethra?

A

Ejaculatory duct

74
Q

What are the names of the 2 zones of the prostate gland?

A

Central zone

Peripheral zone

75
Q

What zone of the prostate is felt on digital rectal examination?

A

Peripheral zone (most prostate cancers arise here)

76
Q

Name of the part of the penis closest to the body?

A

Root of the penis

77
Q

What is the root of the penis attached to laterally?

A

Ischium bone of pelvis

78
Q

Name of the distal part of the penis?

What forms this?

A

Glans

Distal expansion of the corpus spongiosum

79
Q

Name of the 2 large cylinders of erectile tissue that transmit the deep arteries of the penis?

A

Right and left corpus cavernosum

80
Q

What happens to the 3 cylinders of erectile tissue during erection?

A

Become engorged with blood

81
Q

Name of the ridge on the anterior aspect of the penis?

A

Penile raphe (continuation of scrotal raphe)

82
Q

Proper name for foreskin?

A

Prepuce

83
Q

Name for the urological emergency in which the retracted foreskin of an uncircumcised male cannot be returned to its normal anatomic position?

A

Paraphimosis

84
Q

Blood supply to the penis?

A

via the deep arteries of the penis - branches of the internal pudendal artery (from the internal iliac)

85
Q

Blood supply to the scrotum?

A

Via the internal pudendal and branches from the external iliac artery

86
Q

Where does lymph from the scrotum and most of the penis (not the glans) drain?

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes in the superficial fascia in the groin

87
Q

Where does lymph from the testis drain?

A

Lumbar nodes around the abdominal aorta

2nd Year - Renal (6 decks)

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