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2nd Year - Renal > Anatomy 1 - Upper Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Anatomy 1 - Upper Urinary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name for the anatomical structures through which urine passes from its production to its excretion?

A

Urinary tract

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2
Q

What structure produces urine?

A

Kidney

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3
Q

What structure drains urine from the kidney to the bladder?

A

Ureter

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4
Q

What structure stores/ voids urine?

A

Bladder

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5
Q

What structure is urine excreted from the bladder through?

A

Urethra

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6
Q

What 2 substances does the urethra carry in men?

A

Urine

Semen

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7
Q

What structures make up the upper urinary tract?

A

Kidneys

Ureters

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8
Q

What structures make up the lower urinary tract?

A

Bladder

Urethra

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9
Q

Where in the abdomen are the kidneys and proximal ureters located?

A

In the retroperitoneum

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10
Q

What parts of the urinary tract are located in the pelvis?

A

Distal ureters
Bladder
Proximal urethra

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11
Q

What part of the body is the distal urethra located in?

A

Perineum

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12
Q

What does retroperitoneal mean?

A

Located in the abdominal cavity behind the peritoneum

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13
Q

What are the structures of the renal hilum?

A

Renal artery
Renal vein
Ureter

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14
Q

What is the name of the top part of the kidney?

Bottom part?

A

Superior and inferior pole

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15
Q

When looking at the anterior kidney, is the renal artery or vein anterior?

A

Renal vein

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16
Q

Name the layers between the visceral peritoneum and the kidney?

A 
Visceral peritornum
Paranephric fat
Renal (deep) fascia
Perinephric fat
Renal capsule
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17
Q

Why is it important that the kidney is surrounded by skeletal muscles?

A

Muscle guarding can protect the kidneys from trauma

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18
Q

What muscles of the posterior abdominal wall helps to protect the kidney?

A

Psoas major

Quadratus lumborum

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19
Q

Is the abdominal aorta or IVC located more to the right?

A

IVC

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20
Q

Muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall that helps protect the kidney?

A

External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis

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21
Q

Which kidney lies sightly inferior?

Why?

A

Right = inferior

Size of the liver

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22
Q

Vertebral level of the right kidney?

A

L1-L3

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23
Q

Vertebral level of the left kidney?

A

T12 -L2

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24
Q

What is boney structures are posteriorly related to the kidneys?

A

The floating ribs (protect them but can contuse or lacerate if they fracture)

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25
Q

Which quadrants of the abdomen are the kidneys located in?

A

Right and left upper qudarants

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26
Q

Name the 9 regions of the abdomen?

A 
Right/ left hypocondrium
Epigastric
Right and left lumbar/ flank region
Umbilical
Right and left inguinal region/ iliac fossa
Pubic
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27
Q

What region of the abdomen are the kidneys located in?

A

The flank/ lumber regions

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28
Q

How long is the normal kidney approximately?

A

12cm

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29
Q

How wide approximately is the normal kidney?

A

6cm

30
Q

How do the kidneys move in relation to breathing?

A

Inferiorly with inspiration and superiorly with expiration (due to relation with the liver and spleen which lie in contact with the diaphragm)

31
Q

Which kidney lies posterior to the liver (and hepatorenal recess), 2nd part of the duodenum, ascending colon and right colic flexure?

A

Right kidney

32
Q

Which kidney lies posterior to the stomach, tail of the pancreas, hilum of the spleen and splenic vessels?

A

Left kidney

33
Q

Are the common iliac arteries anterior or posterior to the common iliac veins?

A

Anterior

34
Q

Which lymph nodes do the kidneys drain to?

A

Lumbar nodes

35
Q

Where are the lumbar lymph nodes located?

A

Around the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava

36
Q

At what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?

A

At the level of the umbilicus

37
Q

What is the ureteric arterial blood supply branches from? (5)

A 
The renal artery
The abdominal aorta
The common iliac artery
The internal iliac artery
The vesical (bladder) artery
38
Q

What lymph nodes does lymph from the ureters drain to?

A

The lumbar nodes and iliac nodes

39
Q

Where are the iliac lymph nodes located?

A

Around the common, internal and external iliac vessels

40
Q

What is the name for an AAA which is located in the part of the abdomen below the kidneys?

A

Infra-renal AAA

41
Q

What is the name for an AAA which involves part of the abdomen above the kidneys?

A

Suprarenal AAA

42
Q

Name the type of repair for AAA that is less invasive than open surgery?

A

Endo-Vascular Aneursym Repair (EVAR)

43
Q

How is renal artery stenosis and infra-renal AAA associated?

A

Both can be caused by atherosclerosis = can get them both at the same time

44
Q

How is renal artery stenosis and supra-renal AAA related?

A

Can get renal artery stenosis caused by a suprarenal AAA (occlusion of proximal renal artery by the aneurysm)

45
Q

What is the most common anatomical variation in the renal system?

A

Bifid renal pelvis

46
Q

What is the second most common anatomical variations in the renal system?

A

Bifid ureter

Unilateral duplicated ureter

47
Q

What is the third most common variation in the renal system?

A

Horseshoe kidney

48
Q

What is the name for the anatomical variation in the renal system where the ureter passes posterior to the IVC?

A

Retrocaval ureter

49
Q

Name for the birth defect where a normal kidney is located in the pelvis?

A

Ectopic pelvic kidney

50
Q

Causes of a solitary kidney? (3)

A

Agenesis (failure to develop)
Nephrectomy (pathology)
Nephrectomy (donation)

51
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the kidney?

A

Outer cortex
Inner medulla
(like the adrenal glands)

52
Q

What structures does the renal medulla contain?

A

Renal pyramids

53
Q

What structures does each renal pyramid contain?

A

Approx. 50,000 nephrons

54
Q

What gives the pyramids their striped appearance?

A

Regularly arranged nephrons (running axially towards the apex of each pyramid)

55
Q

Parts of a nephron?

A 
Glomerulus
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
56
Q

What is the purpose of the glomerulus?

A

Ultrafiltration of the blood arriving via branches of the renal artery

57
Q

Purpose of the collecting duct?

A

Passes through the pyramid to drain the modified filtrate into the minor calyx as urine

58
Q

What does urine drain to after the nephrons collecting duct?

A

Minor Calyx
Major Calyx
Renal Pelvis
Ureter

59
Q

What happens to the diameter of the urine drainage tubes?

A

Increases until a constriction at the pelviureteric junction where the wider renal pelvis becomes the narrower ureter

60
Q

What are the 3 anatomical sites of ureteric constriction?

A

Pelviureteric junction
Ureter crossing anterior aspect of the common iliac artery
(often crosses the bifurcation)
Ureteric orifice

61
Q

What is the ureteric orifice?

A

Opening of the ureter into one corner of the trigone on the floor of the bladder

62
Q

Scientific name for kidney stones?

A

Renal calculi

63
Q

What do renal calculi form from?

A

Urine calcium salts

64
Q

How can renal calculi often be visualised?

A

On X-rays

65
Q

What type of imaging can be performed to show the structures of the urinary tract?

A

IV urogram

66
Q

What is the name for a large renal calculi that takes up more than one branch of the collecting system in the renal pelvis of the kidney?

A

Staghorn calculus

67
Q

What causes renal colic?

A

Increased peristalsis proximal to the site of a ureteric obstruction

68
Q

Does a urinary tract obstruction within the bladder have the potential to cause unilateral or bilateral kidney problems?

A

Can cause either

69
Q

When there is urinary tract obstruction that has caused the back up of urine towards the kidney, when will the production of urine continue until?

A

The pressure within the urinary tract exceeds the pressures favouring filtration at the glomerulus

70
Q

What is renal failure?

A

Failure to adequately filter the blood to produce urine

71
Q

What is the name for stretched/ swollen kidney(s) due to the build up of urine in them?

A

Hydronephrosis

2nd Year - Renal (6 decks)

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