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2nd Year - Ophthalmology > Anatomy 2 - High yield facts > Flashcards

Anatomy 2 - High yield facts Flashcards

1
Q

Name of gland on eyelid that produces the oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye’s tear film?

A

Meibomian glands (produce meibum)

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2
Q

What muscles control eye opening?

A

Muller’s muscle and levator palpebrae superioris

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3
Q

What is the nerve supply to levator palpebrae superioris?

A

CN III

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4
Q

What is the nerve supply to Muller’s muscle?

A

Sympathetic control

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5
Q

What muscle closes the eye?

A

Orbicularis oculi

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6
Q

Nerve supply to orbicularis oculi?

A

CN VII

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7
Q

Why can Horners syndrome cause ptosis?

A

The muller muscle (sympathetic supply) assists the levator in elevating the top eyelid -> sympathetic innervation can be compromised in Horners syndrome

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8
Q

What muscle does the orbital septum lie just posterior to?

A

Obicularis oculi muscle

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9
Q

What is orbital cellulitis?

A

Inflammation psoterior to the orbital septum (sight threatening)

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10
Q

Name of cellulitis just anterior to the orbital septum called?

A

Preseptal cellulitis

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11
Q

What are the 2 parts of the obicularis oculi?

What is each part involved in?

A 
Orbital part (closing eye tightly)
Palpebral part (normal blinking)
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12
Q

Approximate pH of the tear film?

A

7.6

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13
Q

What nerve is required for reflex tear production?

A

Trigeminal nerve

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14
Q

3 phases of the tear film?

A

Lipid phase
Aqueous phase
Mucus phase

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15
Q

Afferent part of tear film production?

A

5th nerve -> tells the brain that the eye needs tears

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16
Q

Efferent part of tear film production?

A

7th nerve parasympathetic fibres

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17
Q

What is the name of the conjunctiva that lines the inner surface of the eyelids?

A

Palpebral conjunctiva

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18
Q

Name of the conjunctiva that lines the eyeball?

A

Bulbar conjunctiva

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19
Q

Is the palpebral or bulbar conjunctiva more vascular?

A

Palpebral

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20
Q

What does the conjunctiva contain that secretes part of the tear film?

A

Goblet cells

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21
Q

5 layers of the cornea from outside in?

A 
Epithelium
Bowman's membrane
Stroma
Descemet's membrane
Endothelium
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22
Q

What part of the cornea is thickest?

A

Peripheral part

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23
Q

What type of fires does the stroma of the cornea contain?

A

Regularly spaced collagen fibres

24
Q

What part of the cornea maintains it’s transparency and how does it do this?

A

Stroma

Pumps fluid out of the storma

25
Q

What is the name of the outer layer of the lens?

A

Capsule

26
Q

What attaches the lens to the ciliary body?

A

Zonules

27
Q

Does a decrease in tension of the zonular fibres cause you to focus near or far?

A

Near

28
Q

Do the lens fibres have good regenerating properties?

A

No

29
Q

Name of the outermost part of the lens?

A

Cortex

30
Q

Name of the innermost part of the lens?

A

Nucleus

31
Q

3 parts of the uvea?

A

Iris, ciliary body and choroid

32
Q

Purpose of the uvea in terms of light?

A

Absorbs reflected light

33
Q

What 2 parts of the eye does aqueous humour drain into?

A

Canal of Schlemm

Trabceular meshwork

34
Q

How does the aqueous fluid allow for optical clarity?

A

It has a low protein content

35
Q

Afferent limb of pupillary response?

A

Retina -> optic nerve -> pre-tectal nucelus

36
Q

What does the pre-tectal nucleus project fibres to in the pupillary reflex?

A

Edinger-Westphal nuceli

37
Q

Efferent limb of pupillary response?

A

CNIII -> short ciliary nerve

38
Q

What is the name of the pupillary reflex action which causes the eye that is not having light shone in it to constrict?

A

Consensual response

39
Q

What nerve provides the last part of the efferent limb of the sympathetic pupillary response?

A

Long ciliary nerve

40
Q

What is the stimulus for the accommodation reflex?

A

A blurred image on the retina

41
Q

What are 3 responses of the accommodation reflex?

A

Convergence
Pupillary constriction
Contraction of the ciliary muscle

42
Q

What is unique about the trochlear nerve?

A

It arises from the dorsal aspect of the brainstem and crosses over (lesion of the left trochlear nucleus produces a contralateral muscle palsy)

43
Q

What fissure does the trochlear nerve pass through to enter the eye?

A

Superior orbital fissure

44
Q

How many nuclei does the trigeminal nerve arise from in the midbrain and medulla?

A

3

45
Q

What branch of the trigeminal nerve usually supplies the tip of the nose?

A

Nasociliary branch of CNV1

46
Q

What does all the rectus muscles arise from?

A

The common tendinous ring

47
Q

Why does optic neuritis cause pain on eye movement?

A

The optic nerve sheath is attached to the common tendinous ring

48
Q

What rectus is the strongest and thickest?

A

Medial

49
Q

What part of the retina are cones found in the highest density?

A

Over the fovea

50
Q

What type of epithelium is the retinal pigmented epithelial cells comprised of?

A

Cuboidal epithelium

51
Q

What cells of the retina gives rise to the optic nerve?

A

Ganglion cells

52
Q

Where in the visual field is the retina located?

A

15 degrees temporally

53
Q

What structure supplies the outer layer of the retina (that not supplied by the ophthalmic artery)?

A

Choroid

54
Q

What does the superior ophthalmic vein leave the eye via?

A

Superior orbital fissure

55
Q

What does the superior ophthalmic vein drain into?

A

The cavernous sinus

56
Q

What passes through the supraorbital notch?

A

The supraorbital nerve and vessels

2nd Year - Ophthalmology (7 decks)

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