Anatomy 2 - High yield facts

Question 1

Name of gland on eyelid that produces the oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye’s tear film?

Answer 1

Meibomian glands (produce meibum)

Question 2

What muscles control eye opening?

Answer 2

Muller’s muscle and levator palpebrae superioris

Question 3

What is the nerve supply to levator palpebrae superioris?

Answer 3

CN III

Question 4

What is the nerve supply to Muller’s muscle?

Answer 4

Sympathetic control

Question 5

What muscle closes the eye?

Answer 5

Orbicularis oculi

Question 6

Nerve supply to orbicularis oculi?

Answer 6

CN VII

Question 7

Why can Horners syndrome cause ptosis?

Answer 7

The muller muscle (sympathetic supply) assists the levator in elevating the top eyelid -> sympathetic innervation can be compromised in Horners syndrome

Question 8

What muscle does the orbital septum lie just posterior to?

Answer 8

Obicularis oculi muscle

Question 9

What is orbital cellulitis?

Answer 9

Inflammation psoterior to the orbital septum (sight threatening)

Question 10

Name of cellulitis just anterior to the orbital septum called?

Answer 10

Preseptal cellulitis

Question 11

What are the 2 parts of the obicularis oculi?

What is each part involved in?

Answer 11

Orbital part (closing eye tightly)
Palpebral part (normal blinking)

Question 12

Approximate pH of the tear film?

Answer 12

7.6

Question 13

What nerve is required for reflex tear production?

Answer 13

Trigeminal nerve

Question 14

3 phases of the tear film?

Answer 14

Lipid phase
Aqueous phase
Mucus phase

Question 15

Afferent part of tear film production?

Answer 15

5th nerve -> tells the brain that the eye needs tears

Question 16

Efferent part of tear film production?

Answer 16

7th nerve parasympathetic fibres

Question 17

What is the name of the conjunctiva that lines the inner surface of the eyelids?

Answer 17

Palpebral conjunctiva

Question 18

Name of the conjunctiva that lines the eyeball?

Answer 18

Bulbar conjunctiva

Question 19

Is the palpebral or bulbar conjunctiva more vascular?

Answer 19

Palpebral

Question 20

What does the conjunctiva contain that secretes part of the tear film?

Answer 20

Goblet cells

Question 21

5 layers of the cornea from outside in?

Answer 21

Epithelium
Bowman's membrane
Stroma
Descemet's membrane
Endothelium

Question 22

What part of the cornea is thickest?

Answer 22

Peripheral part

Question 23

What type of fires does the stroma of the cornea contain?

Answer 23

Regularly spaced collagen fibres

Question 24

What part of the cornea maintains it’s transparency and how does it do this?

Answer 24

Stroma

Pumps fluid out of the storma

Question 25

What is the name of the outer layer of the lens?

Answer 25

Capsule

Question 26

What attaches the lens to the ciliary body?

Answer 26

Zonules

Question 27

Does a decrease in tension of the zonular fibres cause you to focus near or far?

Answer 27

Near

Question 28

Do the lens fibres have good regenerating properties?

Answer 28

No

Question 29

Name of the outermost part of the lens?

Answer 29

Cortex

Question 30

Name of the innermost part of the lens?

Answer 30

Nucleus

Question 31

3 parts of the uvea?

Answer 31

Iris, ciliary body and choroid

Question 32

Purpose of the uvea in terms of light?

Answer 32

Absorbs reflected light

Question 33

What 2 parts of the eye does aqueous humour drain into?

Answer 33

Canal of Schlemm | Trabceular meshwork

Question 34

How does the aqueous fluid allow for optical clarity?

Answer 34

It has a low protein content

Question 35

Afferent limb of pupillary response?

Answer 35

Retina -> optic nerve -> pre-tectal nucelus

Question 36

What does the pre-tectal nucleus project fibres to in the pupillary reflex?

Answer 36

Edinger-Westphal nuceli

Question 37

Efferent limb of pupillary response?

Answer 37

CNIII -> short ciliary nerve

Question 38

What is the name of the pupillary reflex action which causes the eye that is not having light shone in it to constrict?

Answer 38

Consensual response

Question 39

What nerve provides the last part of the efferent limb of the sympathetic pupillary response?

Answer 39

Long ciliary nerve

Question 40

What is the stimulus for the accommodation reflex?

Answer 40

A blurred image on the retina

Question 41

What are 3 responses of the accommodation reflex?

Answer 41

Convergence Pupillary constriction Contraction of the ciliary muscle

Question 42

What is unique about the trochlear nerve?

Answer 42

It arises from the dorsal aspect of the brainstem and crosses over (lesion of the left trochlear nucleus produces a contralateral muscle palsy)

Question 43

What fissure does the trochlear nerve pass through to enter the eye?

Answer 43

Superior orbital fissure

Question 44

How many nuclei does the trigeminal nerve arise from in the midbrain and medulla?

Answer 44

3

Question 45

What branch of the trigeminal nerve usually supplies the tip of the nose?

Answer 45

Nasociliary branch of CNV1

Question 46

What does all the rectus muscles arise from?

Answer 46

The common tendinous ring

Question 47

Why does optic neuritis cause pain on eye movement?

Answer 47

The optic nerve sheath is attached to the common tendinous ring

Question 48

What rectus is the strongest and thickest?

Answer 48

Medial

Question 49

What part of the retina are cones found in the highest density?

Answer 49

Over the fovea

Question 50

What type of epithelium is the retinal pigmented epithelial cells comprised of?

Answer 50

Cuboidal epithelium

Question 51

What cells of the retina gives rise to the optic nerve?

Answer 51

Ganglion cells

Question 52

Where in the visual field is the retina located?

Answer 52

15 degrees temporally

Question 53

What structure supplies the outer layer of the retina (that not supplied by the ophthalmic artery)?

Answer 53

Choroid

Question 54

What does the superior ophthalmic vein leave the eye via?

Answer 54

Superior orbital fissure

Question 55

What does the superior ophthalmic vein drain into?

Answer 55

The cavernous sinus

Question 56

What passes through the supraorbital notch?

Answer 56

The supraorbital nerve and vessels