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2nd Year - Ophthalmology > Anatomy 1 - Orbit and the Eye > Flashcards

Anatomy 1 - Orbit and the Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What is an orbital blow out fracture?

A

A fracture of one or more of the bones of the floor of the orbit (usually caused by indirect trauma i.e. hit another part of the face causing the thinner part of the floor to fracture)

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2
Q

What 3 bones form the orbital margin?

A

Frontal
Zygomatic
Maxillary

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3
Q

What is an orbital plate?

A

Part of the bone that forms part of the orbit

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4
Q

What 7 bones make up the orbit?

A 
Frontal
Zygomatic
Maxillary
ethmoid
Lacrimal
Sphenoid
Palatine
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5
Q

What bone does the optic canal pass through?

A

Sphenoid bone

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6
Q

Name the 2 holes located on the floor of the orbit?

A

Superior and inferior orbital fissure

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the eyelid?

A

To protect the eye

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8
Q

What 4 structures of the eyelid help it protect the eye?

A

outer skin
inner conjuntiva
tarsal plate
Tarsal glands

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9
Q

What do tarsal glands secrete?

A

Oily substance (special type of sebaceous gland)

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the tarsal plate?

A

Helps maintain the shape of the eyelids

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11
Q

What is the name of the membranous sheet that acts as the anterior boundary of the orbit?

A

Orbital septum

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12
Q

Where does the orbital septum extend from?

A

The orbital rims to the eyelids

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13
Q

What 2 muscles does the eyelids contain?

A

Obicularis oculi

Levator palpebrae superioris

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14
Q

What muscle closes the eyelids?

A

Obicularis Oculi

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15
Q

Innervation of obicularis oculi?

A

CN VII

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16
Q

Which muscle raises the eyelids?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

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17
Q

What nerve innervates levator palpebrae superioris?

A

CN VIII

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18
Q

What is the function of tears?

A

To keep the eyes moist
Flush out foreign bodies
Contains sugar and oxygen to supply the cornea

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19
Q

What produces tears?

A

The lacrimal gland

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20
Q

What is the nerve supply to the lacrimal gland?

A

CN VII

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21
Q

Where do tears pass from the cornea?

A

The puncta lacrimalia (minute circular opening of the lacrimal canaliculus)

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22
Q

Where do tears pass from the puncta lacrimalia?

A

Canuliculi

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23
Q

Where do tears pass from the canuliculi?

A

Lacrimal sac

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24
Q

Where does tears pass from the lacrimal sac?

A

To the nasolacrimal duct

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25
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain?

A

Into the inferior meatus on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

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26
Q

What is the name of the act of the altering the shape and curvature of the lens to adjust the degree of refraction?

A

Accommodation

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27
Q

Describe the process of accommodation when focussing on a near object?

A

the ciliary muscle contract causing the suspensory ligaments to slacken = muscle tension on the lens is low and the lens shape is fat and more curved

28
Q

Describe the process of accommodation when focussing on a distant object?

A

the ciliary muscles relax causing the suspensory ligaments to be stretched = muscle tension on the lens is high = thin, less curved lens

29
Q

What type of muscle is the ciliary muscle?

A

Smooth muscle

30
Q

Nerve supply to the sphincter pupillae?

A

CN III

31
Q

What are the 2 smooth muscles located within the iris?

A

Sphincter pupillae

Dilator pupillae

32
Q

What type of autonomic control is sphincter pupillae under?

A

Parasympathetic (CN III)

33
Q

What type of autonomic control is dilator pupillae under?

A

Sympathetic

34
Q

When does sphincter pupillae contract?

A

In bright light, accommodation

35
Q

When does dilator papillae contract?

A

Dim light, fright

36
Q

Name of part of the eye in front of the lens?

What does this contain

A

Anterior segment

Aqueous humour

37
Q

Name of the part of the eye behind the lens?

What does this contain

A

Posterior segment

Vitreous humour

38
Q

What 2 parts can the anterior segment be broken down to?

A 
Anterior chamber (between cornea and iris)
Posterior chamber (between iris and suspensory ligaments)
39
Q

Name of the 6 extrinsic muscles of the eye?

A 
Superior oblique
Inferior oblique
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Lateral Rectus
Medial rectus
40
Q

Where do all the rectus muscles originate from?

A

Common tendinous ring

41
Q

Where do all the extra ocular muscles insert onto?

A

Sclera

42
Q

Action of superior rectus?

A

Elevates the eye

43
Q

Action of inferior rectus?

A

Depresses the eye

44
Q

Action of lateral rectus?

A

Abducts the eye

45
Q

Action of medial rectus?

A

Adducts the eye

46
Q

Action of superior oblique muscle?

A

Down and out (tramp muscle)

47
Q

Action of inferior oblique muscle?

A

Up and out

48
Q

What is the general principle of testing the eye muscles?

A

Want to test the movement of individual muscles = have to line up gaze to plane of muscles being tested = isolates muscle movement

49
Q

How to test that action of lateral rectus muscle?

A

Get the abduct their eye

50
Q

How to test the action of the medial rectus?

A

Get the patient to adduct their eye

51
Q

How to test the action of superior rectus?

A

Get the patient to look out and up

52
Q

How to test the action of the inferior rectus?

A

Get the patient to look out and down

53
Q

How to test the action of the inferior oblique?

A

Get the patient to look in and up

54
Q

How to test the action of the superior oblique?

A

Get the patient to look in and down

55
Q

Name of the depression in the frontal bone on the medial part of the optic ridge?

A

Supraorbital notch/ foramen

56
Q

Name of the foraminae in the maxillary bone just below the orbital margin?

A

Infraorbital foramen

57
Q

What is another name for the base of the orbit?

A

Orbital rim

58
Q

What is the orbital rim made from?

A

The superior, inferior, medial and lateral orbital margins

59
Q

What 2 parts of the orbit are especially thin?

A

The medial wall and orbital floor

60
Q

What is the name of the 2 parts of obicularis oculi?

A

Orbital and palpebral parts

61
Q

Name of the ligaments at either corners of the eyes?

A

Lateral and medial palpebral ligaments

62
Q

Name of the tendons that immediately surround the eyes?

A

Superior tarus

Inferior tarus

63
Q

Name of the tendon extending superiorly from the superior tarus?

A

Tendon of levator palpebrae superiorus

64
Q

What is another name for the corneoscleral junction?

A

the limbus

65
Q

What happens to aqueous secreted by the ciliary processes?

A

It circulates within ht posterior chamber nourishing the lens before passing through the pupil into the anterior chamber where it nourishes the cornea
Aqueous is then reabsorbed

66
Q

Where is aqueous reabsorbed?

A

Into scleral venous sinus at the iridocorneal angle

67
Q

What is the fundus?

A

The posterior area of the eye where light is focused

2nd Year - Ophthalmology (7 decks)

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