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Anatomy > Anatomy 2: Gross Anotomy (Viscera) > Flashcards

Anatomy 2: Gross Anotomy (Viscera) Flashcards

1
Q

What are viscera?

A

Viscera refers to the organs with the body cavities, especially the organs of the abdominal cavities

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2
Q

What are the four basic types of cells?

A
  1. Muscle cells
  2. Epithelium
  3. Connective tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
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3
Q

Where does the term cardiovascular system come from?

A

‘cardio’ (heart) + ‘vasucular’ (blood vessels)

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4
Q

What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Pericardium
  2. Heart
  3. Blood Vessels (Arteries, Veins and Capillaries)
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5
Q

What is the pericardial sac?

A

A thick fibrous sac which anchors the heart in place and is attached to the top of the diaphragm and the roots of the great vessels (Aorta and Vena Cavae).

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6
Q

Why does the pericardium have a slippery inner and outer membrane?

A

Inner bit-So that when the heart contracts, there is little friction between the heart and the surrounding organs

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?

A

To transport blood around the body

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8
Q

What does the blood carry?

A

O2, CO2, nutrients, waste products, minerals and hormones

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9
Q

What are the two circulatory circuits?

A
  1. Pulmonary Circuit:
    All about the intake of O2 in the blood, and the removal of CO2 from the blood by the lungs
  2. Systemic Circuit:
    Responsible for the delivery of O2 to the capillaries and cells, as well as nutrients from the digestive system and removing of waste from the cells.
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10
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

In the middle of the thorax, between the two pleural sacs, in the middle mediastinum

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11
Q

How is the heart shaped?

A

Like a three side pyramid:

  1. Base- (Posterior)
  2. Three surfaces- (sternocostal- at the chest, pulmonary- at the left, diaphragmatic- at the bottom)
  3. Apex
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12
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Left atrium, left ventricle, Right atrium and right ventricle. They are separated externally by two sulci or grooves

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13
Q

Why are the walls of arteries bigger than veins?

A

Because arteries are put under enormous pressure when the heart contracts and pumps blood into it

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14
Q

What is the purpose of valves in the heart?

A

To encourage one-way flow of blood through the heart

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15
Q

What are the two types of valves in the hear?

A
  1. Atrioventricular Valves

2. Semilunar Valves

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16
Q

What are the upper limb arteries?

A

Right subclavian artery-Axillary artery- Brachial artery- Radial artery and Ulnar artery

17
Q

What are the abdominal arteries?

A
  1. Left and Right Renal arteries
  2. Left and Right Gonadal arteries
  3. Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
  4. Left and Right Common, internal and external iliac arteries
18
Q

What are the iliac and femoral arteries

A
  1. Aorta
  2. Left and Right Common, internal and external iliac arteries
  3. Femoral artery (after inguinal ligament)
19
Q

What is the purpose of the respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange, and also the process of olfaction and speech

20
Q

What are the four functions of the nasal cavity?

A
  1. Provides an airway for respiration
  2. Filters, warms and moistens inspired air
  3. Cleans itself of foreign particles
  4. Subserves the sense of smell
21
Q

What are the primary functions of the larynx?

A
  1. Airway protection

2. Phonation

22
Q

What is visceral pleura?

A

Soft serous membranes which provide a moist surface so that the lungs can slide painlessly over each other during breathing

23
Q

There is pleura lining both the inside of the thorax and the outside layer of the lung, with fluid in between. What is the purpose of this?

A

It causes the lung to adhere to the thorax, such that when the thorax expands, it takes the surface of the lung with it, causing the lung to expand, as well as when the thorax decreases in size, resulting in expiration

24
Q

What is the purpose of the digestive system?

A

The digestive system is responsible for absorbing nutrients from food to provide for the cells. I tis also involved in the elimination of undigested products (faeces)

25
Q

What are the components of the digestive system?

A

Mouth (oral cavity); Tongue; Salivary glands; Pharynx; Oesophagus; Stomach; Pancreas; (Spleen); Liver; Gallbladder; Small intestine; Large intestine; Anus

26
Q

What are the Exocrine and Endocrine functions of the liver?

A

Exocrine:

  1. Secretion of bile by hepatocytes
  2. Bile contains fat emulsifiers and waste products (e.g. bilirubin)
  3. Release into duodenum via the bile duct

Endocrine:

  1. Protein synthesis
  2. Glycogen, mineral and vitamin storage
  3. Production of clotting factors
  4. Detoxification of blood
27
Q

What are the Exocrine and Endocrine functions of the Pancreas?

A

Exocrine:

  1. Secretion of pancreatic juice
  2. Juice contains enzymes for carbohydrate, protein and fat digestion and bicarbonate ions for neutralizing stomach acid
  3. Release into duodenum via main and accessory pancreatic ducts

Endocrine:

  1. Secretion of glucagon and insulin by islets of Langerhans
  2. Glucagon promotes glucose production via gluconeogenesis (in liver) and glycogen breakdown
  3. Insulin promotes cellular uptake of glucose and glycogen production and storage.

(2 and 3 is just regulation of the glucose level)

28
Q

What is the purpose of the Urinary system?

A

The main organs are the kidneys (also ureters and urethra). They are concerned with the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance in the body

29
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. Production and release of erythropoietin, which controls blood cell production
  2. Synthesis and release of renin to influence blood pressure
    Production of 1,25-hydroxycholecalciferol for control of calcium metabolism
30
Q

What is the ventral body cavity

A

The thoracic cavity+ abdominopelvic cavity together

31
Q

What are the three ways that the small intestine increases SA for absorption?

A

Pliccae circularis (folds)
Villi
Microvilli

32
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

digestion (mechanical and chemical)

Anatomy (3 decks)

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