Anatomy 2: Gross Anotomy (Viscera) Flashcards
What are viscera?
Viscera refers to the organs with the body cavities, especially the organs of the abdominal cavities
What are the four basic types of cells?
- Muscle cells
- Epithelium
- Connective tissue
- Nervous tissue
Where does the term cardiovascular system come from?
‘cardio’ (heart) + ‘vasucular’ (blood vessels)
What are the components of the cardiovascular system?
- Pericardium
- Heart
- Blood Vessels (Arteries, Veins and Capillaries)
What is the pericardial sac?
A thick fibrous sac which anchors the heart in place and is attached to the top of the diaphragm and the roots of the great vessels (Aorta and Vena Cavae).
Why does the pericardium have a slippery inner and outer membrane?
Inner bit-So that when the heart contracts, there is little friction between the heart and the surrounding organs
What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?
To transport blood around the body
What does the blood carry?
O2, CO2, nutrients, waste products, minerals and hormones
What are the two circulatory circuits?
- Pulmonary Circuit:
All about the intake of O2 in the blood, and the removal of CO2 from the blood by the lungs - Systemic Circuit:
Responsible for the delivery of O2 to the capillaries and cells, as well as nutrients from the digestive system and removing of waste from the cells.
Where is the heart located?
In the middle of the thorax, between the two pleural sacs, in the middle mediastinum
How is the heart shaped?
Like a three side pyramid:
- Base- (Posterior)
- Three surfaces- (sternocostal- at the chest, pulmonary- at the left, diaphragmatic- at the bottom)
- Apex
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Left atrium, left ventricle, Right atrium and right ventricle. They are separated externally by two sulci or grooves
Why are the walls of arteries bigger than veins?
Because arteries are put under enormous pressure when the heart contracts and pumps blood into it
What is the purpose of valves in the heart?
To encourage one-way flow of blood through the heart
What are the two types of valves in the hear?
- Atrioventricular Valves
2. Semilunar Valves
What are the upper limb arteries?
Right subclavian artery-Axillary artery- Brachial artery- Radial artery and Ulnar artery
What are the abdominal arteries?
- Left and Right Renal arteries
- Left and Right Gonadal arteries
- Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
- Left and Right Common, internal and external iliac arteries
What are the iliac and femoral arteries
- Aorta
- Left and Right Common, internal and external iliac arteries
- Femoral artery (after inguinal ligament)
What is the purpose of the respiratory system?
Gas exchange, and also the process of olfaction and speech
What are the four functions of the nasal cavity?
- Provides an airway for respiration
- Filters, warms and moistens inspired air
- Cleans itself of foreign particles
- Subserves the sense of smell
What are the primary functions of the larynx?
- Airway protection
2. Phonation
What is visceral pleura?
Soft serous membranes which provide a moist surface so that the lungs can slide painlessly over each other during breathing
There is pleura lining both the inside of the thorax and the outside layer of the lung, with fluid in between. What is the purpose of this?
It causes the lung to adhere to the thorax, such that when the thorax expands, it takes the surface of the lung with it, causing the lung to expand, as well as when the thorax decreases in size, resulting in expiration
What is the purpose of the digestive system?
The digestive system is responsible for absorbing nutrients from food to provide for the cells. I tis also involved in the elimination of undigested products (faeces)
