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Anatomy > Anatomy 1: The Human Body > Flashcards

Anatomy 1: The Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

When are body cavities formed?

A

Body cavities are formed during the embryonic development by the folding of a flat sheet.

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2
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity, located between the two pleural sacs. It contains most of the thoracic organs, and acts as a conduit for structures traversing the thorax on their way into the abdomen.

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3
Q

What are the components of the thoracic cavity?

A
  1. Pericardial cavity
  2. Right and left pleural cavity
  3. Mediastinum
  4. Diaphragm
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4
Q

What are viscera protected by?

A

Mesentery:

Double sheets of membrane with blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics between the layers (E.g. the greater omentum).

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5
Q

What are the four purposes of the skeleton?

A
  1. Supports and protects
  2. Assists with movement
  3. Stores cells that produce blood-haematopoiesis in red marrow
  4. Stores minerals- in yellow marrow
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6
Q

What are the two main skeletal regions?

A

Axial and Appendicular.

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7
Q

What are the five types of bones?

A
  1. Long bone (Humerus)
  2. Short bone (carpals-wrist bones)
  3. Flat bone (parietal bone of skull)
  4. Irregular bone (Veterbra)
  5. Sesamoid (Patella)
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8
Q

What is a sesamoid bone?

A

A bone that lies within tendon/s acting as a pulley.

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9
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A
  1. Compact

2. Spongy

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10
Q

What are the features of long bones?

A
  1. Always have a shaft
  2. Always hollow in some spaces to minimise weight and retain mechanical strength
  3. Outer layer is compact bone, while the inner layer is medullary cavity
  4. Have a very rich blood supply (well vascularised)
  5. Usually have tubercles
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11
Q

What does the medullary cavity of bones contain?

A

Red or yellow bone marrow.

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12
Q

How do bones grow?

A

Length wise- Above and below the epiphyseal plate

Circumference wise- By laying down new bone around the shaft.

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13
Q

What are joints?

A

Points in which two or more bones are connected.

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14
Q

What are the three main tissue types bones are lined with?

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Soft (synovial)
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15
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

Bones joined by fibrous connective tissue, containing many strong and inelastic collaged fibres. It has high tensile strength.

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16
Q

What are three types of fibrous joints?

A
  1. Sutures
  2. Syndesmoses
  3. Gomphosis
17
Q

What is a suture?

A

A type of immovable joint, found particularly in the skull. It is characterised by a minimal amount of connective tissue between the bones. Sutures unite the bones of the skull and often have irregular interlocking edges to account for extra strength.

18
Q

What is a syndesmoses?

A

An immovable joint where the bones are separated by connective tissue. As the distance between the bones and the amount of CT is greater than in a suture, syndesmoses may permit slight movement.

19
Q

What is a gomphosis?

A

A form of fibrous (immovable) joint in which a cone-shaped bone fits into a socket.

20
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Synovial joints are freely moveable joints, where the ends of the bones are covered with a thin cartilaginous sheet. The bones are linked by a ligament lined with a synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid.

21
Q

What is a ligament?

A

A tough band of white fibrous connective tissue which are inelastic but flexible, both strengthening the joint and limiting its movement to certain directions.

22
Q

What are the five things a synovial joint contains?

A
  1. Synovial joint cavity (gap)
  2. Fibrous capsule
  3. Synovial membrane
  4. Articular cartilage
  5. intra-articular structures (menisci and ligaments)
23
Q

What are bursae?

A

Sacs of synovial fluid which may be continuous or separate from the joint cavity. They act to reduce friction.

24
Q

What are the types of synovial joints and their purpose?

A
  1. GLIDING (plane) JOINT:
  2. HINGE JOINT:
  3. PIVOT JOINT:
  4. CONDYLOID (Elipsoid) JOINT:
  5. BALL AND SOCKET JOINT:
  6. SADDLE JOINT:
25
Q

What is, and what is the purpose of a Gliding Joint?

A

A joint in which bony surface slide over each other without angular or rotational movement

26
Q

What is, and what is the purpose of a Hinge Joint?

A

A joint that allows angular movement in one plane only. It allows movement like a hinge

27
Q

What is, and what is the purpose of a Pivot Joint?

A

A joint in which the bone moves around a central axis, allowing rotational movement.

28
Q

What is, and what is the purpose of a Condyloid Joint?

A

A joint where an ovoid head fits into an elliptical cavity, allowing movement in two planes, but cannot be rotated

29
Q

What is, and what is the purpose of a Ball and Socket Joint?

A

A joint, which always involves a long bone, which allows movement in three or more directions

30
Q

What is, and what is the purpose of a Saddle Joint?

A

A joint in which articulating surfaces of the bones are reciprocally saddle-shaped

31
Q

What are the features of skeletal muscles?

A
  1. Usually have at least 1 attachment
  2. Bring about movement at the joints
  3. Have a striated appearance microscopically
  4. Are under voluntary control
  5. Have a limited capacity to regenerate
32
Q

What is the origin and insertion of a muscle?

A

Origin: The proximal attachment of the muscle closest to the centre of the body, which remains fixed during contraction

Insertion: The distal attachment of the muscle further away from the centre of the body, that is relatively movable when the muscle contracts

33
Q

What are the two muscle types?

A
  1. Quadrate muscles-Develop a lot of power for their size
  2. Strap-like (fusiform) muscles- Have the ability to contract over a wide range of muscle length and have a big range of movement
34
Q

How do facial muscles differ from skeletal muscles?

A

They have one attachment to the bone and the other to the skin, whereas most skeletal muscles attach to bones at each end.

35
Q

What are the two types of fascia and their purpose?

A
  1. Deep Fascia:
    Dense connective tissue that surrounds the muscles, deep blood vessels, nerves and bones.
  2. Superficial Fascia
    Lies immediately beneath the skin and consists of areolar (loose) connective tissue and fat
36
Q

From Chemical Level, what is the build up leading to Organism?

A

Chemical Level-Molecular Level-Tissue Level-Organ Level-Organism

Anatomy (3 decks)

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