Anatomy (2) Flashcards
What veins can be seen on the ventral surface of the tongue?
Right lingual and left lingual
What is the frenulum of the tongue?
Stringy part underneath tongue
Name the three pairs of major salivary glands?
- Parotid
- Submandibular
- Sublingual
Is the parotid gland normally palpable?
No
Is the submandibular gland normally palpable?
Yes
What muscle does the parotid duct cross before medially piercing through buccinator then opening onto the parotid papilla of teh buccal mucosa?
Masseter
Where does the submandibular duct open up into?
The sublingual papilla
Where are ducts of the sublingual gland found?
On the sublingual fold in the floor of the mouth
Name a muscle of the cheek?
Buccinator
What nerve supplies the sublingual salivary gland?
CN VII
What cranial nerve gives parasympathetic innervation (secretomotor) to the parotid gland?
IX - glossopharyngeal
What nerve does IX hitch a ride on when supplying the parotid gland?
V3
What is the general sensory and special sensory of the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue?
General sensory = CN V3
Special sensory = CN VII
What is the general and sensory supply of the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?
CN IX
What is the origin of teh thyroid gland which is at the apex of terminal groove?
Foramen caecum
What taste buds are present just anterior to the foramen caecum?
Vallate papillae
How do thyroid swellings move when swallowing?
Superiorly then inferiorly due to attachment to the larynx
What group of muscles of the tongue change the position of it during mastication, swallowing and speech?
Extrinsic muscles
Name the four muscles of the tongue?
Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
What group of muscles modify the shape of the tongue?
Intrinsic muscles of the tongue
What nerve descends in the neck, lateral to the carotid sheath?
Hypoglossal
How do you test the function of the facial nerves?
Ask patient to stick tongue out straight - abnormal will drift to bad side
What artery supplies the tongue?
Right lingual artery - XII passes anteriorly through the neck lateral to the loop of the lingual artery
What two structures make up the hard palate?
Palatine processes of maxillae (anteriorly) and palatine bones
What part of the sphenoid bone is part of the posterior hard palate?
Medial pterygoid plate of spenoid bone
How many muscles of the soft palate are there?
5
Name the five pairs of muscles of the soft palate?
- Levator veli palatini (lifts the soft palate towards the base of the skull)
- Tensor veli palatini (tenses the soft palate)
- Palatoglossus (depresses the palate towards the tongue or vice versa)
- Palatopharyngeus (longitudinal muscle of the pharynx - attaches between the palate and the larynx)
- Musculus uvulae
Describe the soft palate muscle nerve supply?
All by vagus nerve except tensor veli palatini which is V3
How do you clinically test CN X and CN V3?
Ask patient to say Ahh - if normal uvula should lift up straight, if abnormal it will lift up away from non functioning side
What are the circular constrictor muscles of the pharynx innervated by?
CN X
What do all circular constrictor muscles insert into?
Midline raphe?
Name the three pharynx longitudinal muscles?
- Stylopharyngeus
- Palatopharyngeus
- Salpingopharyngeus - originates on cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube
Where do the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx insert onto?
Posterior border of thyroid cartilage
What two longitudinal muscles foes CN X supple?
Palatopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus
What longitudinal muscle does CN IX innervate?
Stylopharyngeus
What five lymphoid tissues are part of Waldeyer’s defensive ring of lymphoid tissue?
- Palatine tonsil
- Lingual tonsil
- Pharyngeal tonsil “adenoid”
- Tubal tonsils - in mucosa of eustachian tube opening
- Palate associated lymphoid tissue
What are the regional lymph nodes for the tip of the tongue?
Submental nodes
What node drains the palatine tonsil?
Jugulo-digastric node
What fascia encloses the larynx in the neck?
Pretracheal (visceral layer)
What five structures are enclosed within pretracheal fascia?
- Strap muscles
- Thyroid gland
- Trachea and larynx
- Oesophagus and pharynx
- Recurrent laryngeal nerves
What vertebral levels is the larynx located at?
C4-C6
What certebral level is the hyoid bone at?
C3
What vertebral level is the cricoid cartilage at?
C6
What type of cartilage is the epiglottis made up of?
Elastic
What structure is between the thyroid cartilage nad hyoid bone?
Thyrohyoid membrane
What cartilage is closed at the back?
Cricoid - lamina of it
Name three features of the thyroid cartilage?
Superior horn
Inferior horn
Laryngeal prominence
What type of joint is the cricothyroid joint?
Synovial - allows nodding
What completes the posterior wall of the trachea?
Trachealis (smooth muscle)
What do vocal cords attach between?
anteriorly to internal aspect of thyroid cartilage and vocal processes of arytenoid cartilages
What cartilages are located deep to the laryngeal mucosa and support the laryngeal inlet but play no part in moving the vocal cords - they are on arytenoid cartilages?
Cuneiform & corniculate cartilages
What is the mucosal lining in the larynx
Mainly respiratory epithelium except for vocal cords which are stratified squamous epithelium
What are the vestibular folds?
False vocal cords - superior
What is all the laryngeal mucosa sensory innervation supplied by?
The vagus nerve X
What branches of vagus nerve supply superior to vocal fold and vocal fold/inferior?
Superior - superior laryngeal branches of X
Inferior - recurrent laryngeal branches of X
Where does the recurrent laryngeal nerve branch off X?
In the mediastinum then winds back up
What nerve supplies all skeletal muscles of the instrinsic muscles larynx?
Motor branches of vagus
What do the intrinsic muslces of the larynx do to the vocal cords during the cough reflex?
Adduct
What intrinsic muscles of the larynx tense the vocal cords, nodding the thyroid cartilage anteriorly at the cricothyroid joints?
Cricothyroid muscles
What intrinsic muscles of the larynx relax the vocal cords and pull the arytenoid cartilages towards the thyroid cartilage?
Thyro-arytenoid muscles
What intrinsic muscles of the larynx adduct the vocal cords and rotate the arytenoid cartilages so that the vocal processes of the cartilages some together in the middle?
Lateral crico-arytenoid muslces
What intrinstic muscles of the larynx adduct the vocal cords, assist the arytenoid cartilages to gently close the rima glottidis and sphincter function?
Arytenoid muscles
What intrinsic muscles of the larynx abduct the vocal cords, rotate the erytenoid cartilages so that the vocal processes of the cartilages move laterally and widens the rima glottidis?
Posterior crico-arytenoid muscles
During forced respiration - what intrinsic muscles of the larynx are contracted?
Posterior crico-arytenoids (widens rima glottidis)
During whispering - what intrinsic muscles of the larynx contract?
Lateral crico-arytenoids
In nasal sounds - what does the soft palate do to close off entrance into oropharynx?
Tenses V3 and descends CN X
