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Health Sciences > Anatomy 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy 2 Flashcards

stuff bout epithelial cells

1
Q

What are Glia?

A

Non-neuronal support cells of the nervous system

Literally called brain glue

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2
Q

What are astrocytes?

A
  • Sub-type of glial cells that make up the majority of cells in the CNS
  • Forms part of the BBB
  • Has lots of branches called processes that can touch thousands of neurons
  • Feed neurons by shuttling nutrients from blood vessels to neurons
  • Help buffer concentrations in the brain to regulate action potentials
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3
Q

What is the BBB?

Blood brain barrier

A
  • Complex that surrounds most of the vessels of the brain
  • Acts as a barrier between the blood stream and extracellular space of the brain, allowing only certain substances like water, oxygen and small lipid-soluble substances to pass through
  • Used to prevent harmful things from crossing from the circulatory system into the brain.
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4
Q

What are Oligodendricytes?

A
  • Type of myelinating glia
  • Myelinates multiple axons in the CNS
  • Doesn’t regenerate unlike schwann cells
  • Has no outer neurolemma
  • ## Does have outer plasms membrane
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5
Q

What are microglia?

A
  • Type of phagocytic glia
  • When activated, triggers immune system
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6
Q

What are ependyma>

A
  • Epithelial cells that line the ventricular cells of the brain and central canal or spinal cord
  • ## Has cilia to help movment of CSF
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7
Q

Name the different protection of the CNS

A
  • Bone
  • BBB
  • Meninges
  • Blood-CSF barrier
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8
Q

What is the venticular system in the brain?

A
  • FLuid-filled space within the brain and spinal cord
  • Used as shock absorber, bathes cells of CNS, maintains normal ionic composition
  • CSF circulates within the centricles - secreted by choroid plexus
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9
Q

What secretes CSF?

A

Choroid plexus

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10
Q

Roles of CNS:

A
  • Responds and adapts to external and internal changes to the environment
  • Co-ordinates all activities of the body
  • Memory
  • Maintains body functions
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11
Q

Roles of PNS:

A
  • Detect different peripheral sensory information and sends to the brain for processing ie somatic (skin, joints, muscle), special (sight, hearing, balance, smell, taste) and visceral (from internal organs)
  • Send directions from brain to target
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12
Q

Epithelia cells that line the ventricular system of the brain and spinal cord

A

Ependymal cells

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13
Q

Most abundant glial cells in the CNS and forms end feet around capillaries associated with the BBB

A

Astrocytes

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14
Q

Processes that receive incoming signals on the neuron

A

Dendrites

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15
Q

Glial cells that myelinate peripheral axons

A

Oligodendocytes

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16
Q

Bundles of axons in the CNS

A

Tracts

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17
Q

Myelin sheaths around axons within the CNS are formed by the what cells

A

Oligodendrocytes

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18
Q

Choroid plexus secretes this fluid into the ventricular system of the brain

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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19
Q

Cell bodies cluster in the peripheral nervous system

A

Ganglia

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20
Q

What is the part of the PNS that controls voluntary movement

A

Somatic

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21
Q

L17 Epithelia

What are the primary functions of epithelial tissues?

A

Secretion, absorption, protection, and sensory perception.

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22
Q

L17 Epithelia

How are epithelial tissues classified by layers?

A

Simple (one layer), pseudostratified (appears layered but isn’t), stratified (multiple layers).

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23
Q

L17 Epithelia

Name the cell shapes used to classify epithelia.

A

Squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube-shaped), columnar (tall and rectangular)

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24
Q

L17 Epithelia

What surface specializations can epithelial cells have?

A

Cilia (movement), microvilli (absorption), keratin (protection).

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25
Q

L17 Epithelia

What is the basement membrane, and what does it do?

A

A thin, non-vascularized layer that anchors epithelium to connective tissue, providing support and acting as a barrier.

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26
Q

L17 Epithelia

What are the main components of the basement membrane?

A

Laminin (cell-binding) and collagen IV (structural support).

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27
Q

L17 Epithelia

What are the two main components of connective tissue?

A

Cells (e.g., fibroblasts, adipocytes) and extracellular matrix (ECM).

28
Q

L17 Epithelia

What is the function of fibroblasts?

A

They produce fibers (collagen, elastin) and the ECM.

29
Q

L17 Epithelia

What are proteoglycans, and why are they important?

A

Molecules with a protein core and GAG chains that trap water, resist compression, and form gels.

30
Q

L17 Epithelia

Name two examples of GAGs and their functions.

A

Chondroitin sulfate (resists compression in cartilage) and hyaluronate (lubricates joints).

31
Q

L17 Epithelia

What is the structure of collagen?

A

Three alpha-chains form a triple helix, which assembles into fibrils and fibers.

32
Q

L17 Epithelia

What is the function of collagen in connective tissues?

A

Provides tensile strength and resists stretching forces.

33
Q

L17 Epithelia

What is elastin, and where is it found?

A

The main component of elastic fibers, found in skin, blood vessels, and lungs.

34
Q

L17 Epithelia

What does elastin do?

A

Provides elasticity, allowing tissues to stretch and return to their original shape.

35
Q

L17 Epithelia

What are the three main layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis (outer keratinized layer), dermis (dense connective tissue), hypodermis (loose connective tissue and fat).

36
Q

L17 Epithelia

What is the stratum corneum, and why is it important?

A

The outermost layer of the epidermis; it prevents water loss and protects against microbes.

37
Q

L17 Epithelia

What are the two main pathways for drug delivery through the skin?

A

Transepidermal (paracellular and transcellular) and transappendageal (via sweat glands or hair follicles).

38
Q

L17 Epithelia

What properties make a drug suitable for transdermal delivery?

A

Low molecular weight (<500 Da), lipophilicity, and low daily dose requirements (<2 mg).

39
Q

L17 Epithelia

What are the main types of cell junctions?

A

Tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and gap junctions.

40
Q

L17 Epithelia

What is the function of tight junctions?

A

Create a barrier to restrict molecule passage and maintain cell polarity.

41
Q

L17 Epithelia

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments (keratin), and microtubules (tubulin).

42
Q

L17 Epithelia

What is the BBB, and why is it important?

A

A selective barrier that protects the brain by preventing most substances from crossing.

43
Q

L17 Epithelia

Name two drugs that can cross the BBB.

A

Morphine (pain relief) and L-DOPA (Parkinson’s disease).

44
Q

L17 Epithelia

What are some strategies to deliver drugs across the BBB?

A

Design analogs, use the Trojan horse method, disrupt the barrier, or use nanoparticles.

45
Q

L17 Epithelia

Name a disease treated with a drug designed to cross the BBB.

A

Parkinson’s disease, treated with L-DOPA.

46
Q

L17 Epithelia

What are the main layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis: Outer layer, keratinized for protection.
Dermis: Middle layer, dense connective tissue with nerves and vessels.
Hypodermis: Inner layer, loose connective tissue with fat.

47
Q

L17 Epithelia

What is the stratum corneum, and why is it important?

A

The outermost layer of the epidermis made of dead, keratinized cells; it prevents water loss and protects against microbes.

48
Q

L17 Epithelia

What are keratinocytes?

A

The main cell type in the epidermis that produces keratin, aiding in waterproofing and barrier formation.

49
Q

L17 Epithelia

What is paracellular drug delivery?

A

Drugs pass between cells through tight junctions, a route for small, water-soluble molecules

49
Q

L17 Epithelia

What is transcellular drug delivery?

A

Drugs pass directly through cells, crossing the lipid-rich plasma membranes.

50
Q

L17 Epithelia

What is the role of a transdermal patch?

A

What is the role of a transdermal patch?

51
Q

L17 Epithelia

What properties must drugs have for transdermal delivery?

A

Low molecular weight (<500 Da).
Lipophilic (fat-soluble).
Effective at low doses (<2 mg/day).

52
Q

L17 Epithelia

What are tight junctions, and where are they found?

A

Tight junctions create a barrier to prevent the movement of substances; they are critical in the blood-brain barrier.

53
Q

L17 Epithelia

What is the function of desmosomes?

A

Desmosomes connect intermediate filaments of adjacent cells, providing mechanical strength.

54
Q

L17 Epithelia

How do gap junctions allow communication?

A

They form channels between cells, enabling ions and small molecules to pass directly.

55
Q

L17 Epithelia

What are hemidesmosomes?

A

Structures that anchor epithelial cells to the basement membrane, connecting to intermediate filaments.

56
Q

L17 Epithelia

Functions of Epithelial Tissues

A
  • Secretion: Release of substances like mucus, enzymes, and hormones (e.g., glands).
  • Absorption: Uptake of nutrients and water, primarily in the digestive system (e.g., intestinal lining).
  • Protection: Acts as a barrier against physical damage, pathogens, and dehydration (e.g., skin).
  • Sensory Perception: Specialized epithelia detect stimuli (e.g., taste buds, olfactory epithelium).
57
Q

L17 Epithelia

What is the function of the ground substance in the ECM?

A

It fills the space between cells, traps water, and allows the diffusion of nutrients and waste.

58
Q

L17 Epithelia

What are proteoglycans?

A

Large molecules with a core protein linked to glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains that provide hydration and compression resistance.

59
Q

L17 Epithelia

What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

A

Long, unbranched polysaccharide chains that trap water to form a hydrated gel, aiding in shock absorption.

60
Q

L17 Epithelia

What are fibroblasts?

A

Fibroblasts are cells that produce ECM components, including collagen and elastin fibers.

61
Q

L17 Epithelia

What are adipocytes, and what do they do?

A

Adipocytes are fat-storage cells found in connective tissue, providing energy reserves, insulation, and cushioning.

62
Q

L17 Epithelia

What are mast cells, and what is their function?

A

Mast cells are immune cells in connective tissue that release histamine and other chemicals during allergic reactions.

63
Q

L17 Epithelia

How do proteoglycans contribute to ECM structure?

A

Their highly hydrophilic nature attracts water, forming gels that resist compressive forces.

64
Q

L17 Epithelia

A

Health Sciences (5 decks)

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