Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

RCR1 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to air entering the body before it reaches the alveoli.

A

Warmed, humidified and screened for potential pathogens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What comprises the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavity, paranasal air sinuses and pharynx.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What comprises the lower respiratory tract?

A

Larynx, trachea and lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three main spaces of the thoracic cavity?

A

The mediastinum and the two pleural cavities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the external nares?

A

Nostrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the internal nares called?

A

choanae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses?

A

Ciliated columnar epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do the paranasal air sinuses connect to?

A

The nasal cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to the paranasal air sinuses at around 6-7 years of age, particularly the maxillary sinuses?

A

They enlarge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

name the different sinuses?

A

Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoidal air cells
sphenoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What three things comprise the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three portions of the larynx?

A

Vestibule

Ventricles

infraglottic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What shape are the cartilage rings in the trachea?

A

‘C’ shaped.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is located at the open part of the C of the cartilage rings on the trachea?

A

Trachealis muscle - beyond that the oesophagus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the type of epithelium on the respiratory mucosa?

A

pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the three meatuses of the respiratory system?

A

The three spaces below the three conchae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is epistaxis?

A

Nose Bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

Inflammation and swelling of the mucosa of the sinuses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the names of the three lobes of the right lung?

A

Superior, middle and inferior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the four components of the Respiratory Lobule?

A

Terminal Bronchiole

Respiratory Bronchioles

Alveolar sac

Alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the cavities that make up the body?

A

Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the serous cavities of the body?

A

Pleural, Pericardial, peritoneal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the three germ layers of the developing embryo and what do they form?

A

Ectoderm - skin, nervous system

Mesoderm - Skeleton, muscle, kidney, heart

Endoderm - Gut, liver, lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do babies with Tracheo-oesophageal fistula present with?

A

Small foetus, premature labour, respiratory distress, feeding difficulties, some later with cough and recurrent lung infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is a trachea-oesophageal fistula?
Incomplete development of the trachea and the oesophagus.
26
How are the trachea and oesophagus formed in development?
From the Foregut. The respiratory diverticulum forms on the anterior side and then it divides to form the early trachea and lung buds. The tracheo-oesophageal septum then forms and the lung buds develop.
27
What is pulmonary hypoplasia?
An abnormally low number of bronchopulmonary segments or alveoli. e.g. 1 lobe.
28
What is respiratory distress syndrome?
A condition in neonatal babies, caused by a lack of surfactant leading to collapsed alveoli.
29
What is surfactant?
Substance produced by alveolar type II cell which pushes against the inner layer of the alveolus to keep the alveoli open.
30
What are the major parts of the body that make up the thorax?
Rib cage Thoracic wall Thoracic cavity
31
Why are there only 7 'true' ribs?
8th-10th ribs are attached to other ribs by costal cartilage 11th and 12th are 'floating'
32
What are the anatomical parts of ribs? (6)
``` Head Neck Tubercle Body Angle Costal groove ```
33
What vertebral level is the jugular notch at?
T2/T3
34
What vertebral level is the sternal angle at?
T4/T5
35
what vertebral level is the Xiphosternal joint at?
T9
36
What vertebral level is the lower costal margin at?
L3
37
What are the four articulations of a rib?
Costovertebral joint Costotransverse joint Costochondral joint Sternoostal joint
38
What makes up the thoracic wall?
Skin muscles Fascia
39
What is an intercostal space and what is within?
It is the space between two adjacent ribs. Muscles Vessels (A, V, L) nerves
40
Three muscles of the thoracic wall?
External intercostal Internal intercostal Innermost intercostal
41
Sequence of events in quiet inspiration?
Inspiratory muscles contract : - Diaphragm contracts and flattens Lungs are stretched - intrapulmonary volume increases - intrapulmonary pressure drops Air flows into the lungs
42
Sequence of events in quiet expiration?
Inspiratory muscles relax. - Diaphragm rises, rib cage descends. Lungs recoil passively - Intrapulmonary volume decreases and pressure rises Air flows out of the lungs
43
What are the main muscles involved in Forced inspiration?
Diaphragm, External intercostal, Scalenes, sternocleidomastoid.
44
What muscles are involved in external expiration?
Rectus abdominis, External oblique, Internal oblique, transverse abdominis.
45
What is the Arterial venous and nervous supply to the intercostal spaces supplied by?
A - Internal thoracic arteries, Aorta V - Internal thoracic veins N - Intercostal nerves
46
What is the order of contents in the intercostal space?
NAV, starting from middle if space
47
What is Thoracocentesis?
Removing of fluid and air from the pleural space.
48
What different things innervate the pleura?
The Visceral pleura is innervated by the autonomic nervous system. The diaphragmatic and mediastinal pleura is innervated by the phrenic nerve The Cervical and costal pleural are innervated by intercostal nerves.
49
What are the main surface projections of the parietal pleura?
The projection at the midclavicular line which shows the 8th rib the projection at the midaxillary line which shows the 10th rib.
50
What is pancoast syndrome?
Bronchogenic carcinoma at the apex of the lung, which interferes with the brachial plexus.
51
Two main divisions of the mediastinum?
Superoir and inferior.
52
What is located in the superior mediastinum?
Great vessels and the trachea.
53
What is located in the inferior mediastinum?
Oesophagus Vagus and phrenic nerves Thoracic duct
54
Division of the inferior mediastinum?
Anterior, middle and posterior.
55
Main classifications of veins and arteries
Veins: large small venule Arteries: elastic muscular arterioles
56
Main functions of the circulatory system?
Transport Two way exchange
57
In a pulmonary lobule what runs close to the bronchioles, the vein or artery?
The vein runs close.
58
What is an aneurysm?
Bulge in a blood vessel caused by weakness in a blood vessel wall, usually where it branches.
59
Palpitation of a blood vessel assesses what? (4)
State of circulation (weak/strong) Heart rhythm Heart rate Patency of vessels, e.g. if you had peripheral vascular disease.
60
Factors that aid venous return?
Thoraco-abdominal pump (changes in pressure creates a vacuum that promotes blood rushing up towards the heart) Gravity (in head) One way valves Muscular compression e.g. in diaphragm.
61
Where would you assess the jugular venous pressure?
Right side of the neck the exterior jugular vein.
62
What can the jugular venous pressure be used to assess?
The mean venous pressure of the right ventricle (easy as it is directly above and no valves in the way. Diagnosis of cardiac arrhymias Venous pulse contours
63
What is a portal system?
When blood runs from one set of capillaries to another.
64
What can you feel posterior to the clavicle?
The Coracoid process of the scapula
65
At the sternal angle what rib can you palpate?
The second rib.
66
What is the first vertebrae you can palpate on the back?
The 7th cervical vertebrae.
67
What is the last vertebrae you can palpate?
The 5th lumbar vertebrae.
68
What are the three main functions of the lymphatic system?
Produces and distributes lymphocytes, as a defence mechanism Carries fats and fat soluble vitamins absorbed in the gut Drains excess interstitial fluid to the blood.
69
Features of lymphatic vessels?
Valves and pores, small and follow the blood supply generally.
70
Possible mechanisms of oedema?
Herat failure/venous obstruction. Hypoproteinemia. Pro-inflammatory mediators increase capillary permeability. Capillaries becoming more permeable due to trauma/burns.
71
Functions of a lymph node?
Acts as a filter of the lymph, macrophages destroy foreign substances. House T cells, maintain and produce B cells
72
Main function of the foetal circulation?
Bypass Liver and Lungs
73
What are the main adaptation that the foetal circulation has?
The Ductus venosus - Bypass liver The Foramen Ovale - bypass lung The Ductus arteriosus - bypass lung Umbilical vein Umbilical arteries (two)
74
What happens to the adaptations of the foetal circulation?
The Ductus Venosus becomes the Ligamentum venosum The Foramen Ovale becomes the fossa ovalis The Ductus Ateriosus becomes the Ligamentum arteriosum The umbilical vein becomes the Ligamentum teres The umbilical arteries become the medial umbilical ligaments.
75
At what vertebral level can the kidneys be present?
T11-L3
76
What's Nephroptosis?
'falling kidney' Too little fat causing the kidney to fall to a lower vertebral level
77
Renal circulation? starting from renal artery leading to the renal vein?
1. Renal a. 2. Segmental a. 3. Interlobar a. 4. Arcuate a. 5. Interlobular a. 6. Afferent arteriole 7. Glomerular capillaries 8. Efferent arteriole 9. Peritubular capillaries 10. Interlobar v. 11. Arcuate v. 12. Interlobar v. 13. Renal v.
78
What happens in a kidney transplant?
Donor kidney placed in iliac fossa Renal artery and vein stitched into iliac artery and vein Ureter stitched into bladder
79
What is the nerve supply to the kidney, symp and parasymp?
Para - vagus nerve Symp - T10-L1
80
Three places the ureters constrict?
Uteropelvic junction Where it crosses common iliac vessels Where it enters the bladder
81
What is the trigone?
The smooth area between the two ureteral openings.
82
What is the nerve supply to the bladder?
Parasympathetic S2-S4 contract detrusor muscle Sympathetic splanchnic nerves contract internal urethral sphincter (males) Somatic nerves contract external urethral sphincter.
83
How does the micturation reflex work?
Afferent nerves travelling with the parasympathetic are stimulated and go to S2-S4 Parasympathetic nerves are stimulated and the bladder contracts, the spinsters are also inhibited In the adult the somatic nervous system can keep the external sphincter contracted, in babies they have not developed this.

RCR1 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions