Anatomy Flashcards
What happens to air entering the body before it reaches the alveoli.
Warmed, humidified and screened for potential pathogens.
What comprises the upper respiratory tract?
Nasal cavity, paranasal air sinuses and pharynx.
What comprises the lower respiratory tract?
Larynx, trachea and lungs.
What are the three main spaces of the thoracic cavity?
The mediastinum and the two pleural cavities.
What are the external nares?
Nostrils
What are the internal nares called?
choanae.
What epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses?
Ciliated columnar epithelium.
What do the paranasal air sinuses connect to?
The nasal cavity.
What happens to the paranasal air sinuses at around 6-7 years of age, particularly the maxillary sinuses?
They enlarge.
name the different sinuses?
Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoidal air cells
sphenoid
What three things comprise the pharynx?
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
What are the three portions of the larynx?
Vestibule
Ventricles
infraglottic cavity
What shape are the cartilage rings in the trachea?
‘C’ shaped.
What is located at the open part of the C of the cartilage rings on the trachea?
Trachealis muscle - beyond that the oesophagus.
What is the type of epithelium on the respiratory mucosa?
pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)
What are the three meatuses of the respiratory system?
The three spaces below the three conchae.
What is epistaxis?
Nose Bleeding
What is sinusitis?
Inflammation and swelling of the mucosa of the sinuses.
What are the names of the three lobes of the right lung?
Superior, middle and inferior.
What are the four components of the Respiratory Lobule?
Terminal Bronchiole
Respiratory Bronchioles
Alveolar sac
Alveoli
What are the cavities that make up the body?
Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
What are the serous cavities of the body?
Pleural, Pericardial, peritoneal.
What are the three germ layers of the developing embryo and what do they form?
Ectoderm - skin, nervous system
Mesoderm - Skeleton, muscle, kidney, heart
Endoderm - Gut, liver, lungs
What do babies with Tracheo-oesophageal fistula present with?
Small foetus, premature labour, respiratory distress, feeding difficulties, some later with cough and recurrent lung infection.
What is a trachea-oesophageal fistula?
Incomplete development of the trachea and the oesophagus.
How are the trachea and oesophagus formed in development?
From the Foregut. The respiratory diverticulum forms on the anterior side and then it divides to form the early trachea and lung buds. The tracheo-oesophageal septum then forms and the lung buds develop.
What is pulmonary hypoplasia?
An abnormally low number of bronchopulmonary segments or alveoli. e.g. 1 lobe.
What is respiratory distress syndrome?
A condition in neonatal babies, caused by a lack of surfactant leading to collapsed alveoli.
What is surfactant?
Substance produced by alveolar type II cell which pushes against the inner layer of the alveolus to keep the alveoli open.
What are the major parts of the body that make up the thorax?
Rib cage
Thoracic wall
Thoracic cavity
Why are there only 7 ‘true’ ribs?
8th-10th ribs are attached to other ribs by costal cartilage
11th and 12th are ‘floating’
What are the anatomical parts of ribs? (6)
Head Neck Tubercle Body Angle Costal groove
What vertebral level is the jugular notch at?
T2/T3
What vertebral level is the sternal angle at?
T4/T5
what vertebral level is the Xiphosternal joint at?
T9
What vertebral level is the lower costal margin at?
L3
What are the four articulations of a rib?
Costovertebral joint
Costotransverse joint
Costochondral joint
Sternoostal joint
What makes up the thoracic wall?
Skin
muscles
Fascia
What is an intercostal space and what is within?
It is the space between two adjacent ribs.
Muscles
Vessels (A, V, L)
nerves
Three muscles of the thoracic wall?
External intercostal
Internal intercostal
Innermost intercostal
Sequence of events in quiet inspiration?
Inspiratory muscles contract :
- Diaphragm contracts and flattens
Lungs are stretched
- intrapulmonary volume increases
- intrapulmonary pressure drops
Air flows into the lungs
Sequence of events in quiet expiration?
Inspiratory muscles relax.
- Diaphragm rises, rib cage descends.
Lungs recoil passively
- Intrapulmonary volume decreases and pressure rises
Air flows out of the lungs
What are the main muscles involved in Forced inspiration?
Diaphragm, External intercostal, Scalenes, sternocleidomastoid.
What muscles are involved in external expiration?
Rectus abdominis, External oblique, Internal oblique, transverse abdominis.
What is the Arterial venous and nervous supply to the intercostal spaces supplied by?
A - Internal thoracic arteries, Aorta
V - Internal thoracic veins
N - Intercostal nerves
What is the order of contents in the intercostal space?
NAV, starting from middle if space
What is Thoracocentesis?
Removing of fluid and air from the pleural space.
What different things innervate the pleura?
The Visceral pleura is innervated by the autonomic nervous system.
The diaphragmatic and mediastinal pleura is innervated by the phrenic nerve
The Cervical and costal pleural are innervated by intercostal nerves.
What are the main surface projections of the parietal pleura?
The projection at the midclavicular line which shows the 8th rib
the projection at the midaxillary line which shows the 10th rib.
What is pancoast syndrome?
Bronchogenic carcinoma at the apex of the lung, which interferes with the brachial plexus.
Two main divisions of the mediastinum?
Superoir and inferior.
What is located in the superior mediastinum?
Great vessels and the trachea.
What is located in the inferior mediastinum?
Oesophagus
Vagus and phrenic nerves
Thoracic duct
Division of the inferior mediastinum?
Anterior, middle and posterior.
Main classifications of veins and arteries
Veins:
large
small
venule
Arteries:
elastic
muscular
arterioles
Main functions of the circulatory system?
Transport
Two way exchange
In a pulmonary lobule what runs close to the bronchioles, the vein or artery?
The vein runs close.
What is an aneurysm?
Bulge in a blood vessel caused by weakness in a blood vessel wall, usually where it branches.
Palpitation of a blood vessel assesses what? (4)
State of circulation (weak/strong)
Heart rhythm
Heart rate
Patency of vessels, e.g. if you had peripheral vascular disease.
Factors that aid venous return?
Thoraco-abdominal pump (changes in pressure creates a vacuum that promotes blood rushing up towards the heart)
Gravity (in head)
One way valves
Muscular compression e.g. in diaphragm.
Where would you assess the jugular venous pressure?
Right side of the neck the exterior jugular vein.
What can the jugular venous pressure be used to assess?
The mean venous pressure of the right ventricle (easy as it is directly above and no valves in the way.
Diagnosis of cardiac arrhymias
Venous pulse contours
What is a portal system?
When blood runs from one set of capillaries to another.
What can you feel posterior to the clavicle?
The Coracoid process of the scapula
At the sternal angle what rib can you palpate?
The second rib.
What is the first vertebrae you can palpate on the back?
The 7th cervical vertebrae.
What is the last vertebrae you can palpate?
The 5th lumbar vertebrae.
What are the three main functions of the lymphatic system?
Produces and distributes lymphocytes, as a defence mechanism
Carries fats and fat soluble vitamins absorbed in the gut
Drains excess interstitial fluid to the blood.
Features of lymphatic vessels?
Valves and pores, small and follow the blood supply generally.
Possible mechanisms of oedema?
Herat failure/venous obstruction.
Hypoproteinemia.
Pro-inflammatory mediators increase capillary permeability.
Capillaries becoming more permeable due to trauma/burns.
Functions of a lymph node?
Acts as a filter of the lymph, macrophages destroy foreign substances.
House T cells, maintain and produce B cells
Main function of the foetal circulation?
Bypass Liver and Lungs
What are the main adaptation that the foetal circulation has?
The Ductus venosus - Bypass liver
The Foramen Ovale - bypass lung
The Ductus arteriosus - bypass lung
Umbilical vein
Umbilical arteries (two)
What happens to the adaptations of the foetal circulation?
The Ductus Venosus becomes the Ligamentum venosum
The Foramen Ovale becomes the fossa ovalis
The Ductus Ateriosus becomes the Ligamentum arteriosum
The umbilical vein becomes the Ligamentum teres
The umbilical arteries become the medial umbilical ligaments.
At what vertebral level can the kidneys be present?
T11-L3
What’s Nephroptosis?
‘falling kidney’ Too little fat causing the kidney to fall to a lower vertebral level
Renal circulation? starting from renal artery leading to the renal vein?
- Renal a.
- Segmental a.
- Interlobar a.
- Arcuate a.
- Interlobular a.
- Afferent arteriole
- Glomerular capillaries
- Efferent arteriole
- Peritubular capillaries
- Interlobar v.
- Arcuate v.
- Interlobar v.
- Renal v.
What happens in a kidney transplant?
Donor kidney placed in iliac fossa
Renal artery and vein stitched into iliac artery and vein
Ureter stitched into bladder
What is the nerve supply to the kidney, symp and parasymp?
Para - vagus nerve
Symp - T10-L1
Three places the ureters constrict?
Uteropelvic junction
Where it crosses common iliac vessels
Where it enters the bladder
What is the trigone?
The smooth area between the two ureteral openings.
What is the nerve supply to the bladder?
Parasympathetic S2-S4 contract detrusor muscle
Sympathetic splanchnic nerves contract internal urethral sphincter (males)
Somatic nerves contract external urethral sphincter.
How does the micturation reflex work?
Afferent nerves travelling with the parasympathetic are stimulated and go to S2-S4
Parasympathetic nerves are stimulated and the bladder contracts, the spinsters are also inhibited
In the adult the somatic nervous system can keep the external sphincter contracted, in babies they have not developed this.
