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Neurology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main parts of the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.

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2
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

The four lobes are the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe.

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3
Q

What is the primary function of the frontal lobe?

A

The frontal lobe is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as decision-making, problem-solving, planning, and voluntary movement (via the motor cortex).

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4
Q

Where is the Broca’s area located, and what is its function?

A

Broca’s area is located in the left frontal lobe and is responsible for speech production.

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5
Q

What is the primary role of the parietal lobe?

A

The parietal lobe processes sensory information, including touch, temperature, and pain, and is involved in spatial awareness.

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6
Q

What is the role of the temporal lobe?

A

The temporal lobe is involved in processing auditory information, memory, and emotion. It also contains the Wernicke’s area, important for language comprehension.

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7
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

The occipital lobe is primarily responsible for vision and visual processing.

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8
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

The corpus callosum is a bundle of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain, allowing communication between them.

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9
Q

What is the limbic system, and what is its function?

A

The limbic system is a group of structures (including the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus) involved in regulating emotions, memory, and behavior.

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10
Q

What role does the cerebellum play in the brain?

A

The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements, maintaining posture, balance, and motor learning.

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11
Q

What is the brainstem, and what are its components?

A

The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls basic life functions. It consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

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12
Q

What is the primary function of the medulla oblongata?

A

The medulla oblongata regulates essential autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing.

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13
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis, controlling body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, and circadian rhythms, and links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

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14
Q

What is the basal ganglia’s function?

A

The basal ganglia are involved in coordinating motor control, particularly voluntary movement and muscle tone, as well as motor learning and reward pathways.

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15
Q

What are the meninges, and what are the three layers?

A

The meninges are protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. The three layers are the dura mater (outer layer), arachnoid mater (middle layer), and pia mater (inner layer).

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16
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

CSF cushions the brain and spinal cord, removes waste, and provides nutrients. It also helps maintain a stable environment for the CNS.

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17
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information (except smell) going to the cerebral cortex. It also plays a role in regulating consciousness, sleep, and alertness.

18
Q

What are cranial nerves, and how many are there?

A

Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, primarily involved in sensory and motor functions of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.

19
Q

What is the role of the ventricles in the brain?

A

The ventricles are interconnected cavities within the brain that produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

20
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus?

A

The hippocampus is crucial for the formation of new memories and is also involved in learning and spatial navigation.

21
Q

What are the two main anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

A

The two main divisions are the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

22
Q

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?

A

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.

23
Q

What is the role of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

The CNS is responsible for processing information and coordinating activities of the entire body, including higher functions like thought and emotion.

24
Q

What does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consist of?

A

The PNS consists of all the nerves and ganglia outside the CNS, including cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves.

25
Q

What are the two functional divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

The two functional divisions are the Somatic Nervous System (SNS) and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).

26
Q

What is the Somatic Nervous System (SNS) responsible for?

A

The SNS controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles and transmits sensory information to the CNS from the skin, muscles, and joints.

27
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) responsible for?

A

The ANS regulates involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, and blood pressure, and controls smooth muscles and glands.

28
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?

A

The two subdivisions of the ANS are the Sympathetic Nervous System and the Parasympathetic Nervous System.

29
Q

What is the role of the Sympathetic Nervous System?

A

The Sympathetic Nervous System prepares the body for ‘fight or flight’ responses, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to muscles, and dilating airways.

30
Q

What is the role of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

A

The Parasympathetic Nervous System promotes ‘rest and digest’ functions, decreasing heart rate, stimulating digestion, and conserving energy.

31
Q

What is the Enteric Nervous System, and where is it located?

A

The Enteric Nervous System is a division of the ANS that governs the gastrointestinal system. It operates semi-independently to control digestion, gut motility, and enzyme secretion.

32
Q

What is the role of sensory (afferent) neurons in the nervous system?

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons transmit signals from sensory receptors (e.g., skin, eyes, ears) to the CNS for processing.

33
Q

What is the role of motor (efferent) neurons in the nervous system?

A

Motor (efferent) neurons carry signals from the CNS to muscles or glands, causing a response such as muscle contraction or glandular secretion.

34
Q

How is the Somatic Nervous System (SNS) functionally divided?

A

The SNS is divided into motor pathways (control voluntary muscle movements) and sensory pathways (transmit sensory information to the CNS).

35
Q

What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?

A

Interneurons (also called relay neurons) connect sensory and motor neurons within the CNS, helping process information and coordinate responses.

36
Q

What are the roles of cranial nerves within the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

Cranial nerves emerge from the brain and control sensory and motor functions of the head and neck, including vision, hearing, smell, and facial movement.

37
Q

What are spinal nerves, and how do they function?

A

Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and transmit signals between the CNS and the rest of the body, managing sensory and motor functions of the limbs and torso.

38
Q

What is the difference between the white matter and gray matter in the CNS?

A

White matter contains myelinated axons responsible for signal transmission, while gray matter contains neuronal cell bodies and is involved in processing and integration of information.

39
Q

What is the role of myelin in the nervous system?

A

Myelin is a fatty substance that forms a protective sheath around axons, increasing the speed of electrical signal transmission along the neuron.

40
Q

What is the role of the spinal cord in the nervous system?

A

The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body, and controls reflexes that do not require brain involvement, such as the knee-jerk reflex.

Neurology (8 decks)

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