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Ts Questions - Postits > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are original cell sources for female and male tract

A

Coelomic epithelia
Mesonephric cells ??

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2
Q

What is the inner part of the ovary called

A

Medulla

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3
Q

What is the neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis

A

Neuro= posterior pituitary
Adeno= anterior pituitary

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4
Q

What does the median eminence connect

A

Anterior pituitary to hypothalamus
Delivers neurohormones to anterior pituitary

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5
Q

Which follicle contain oocyte with a single layer of flattened pre granulosa cells

A

Primordial follicle

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6
Q

When does the zona show up, what stage

A

Primary follicle

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7
Q

What are 2 oocyte secreted factors

A

Morphogens: GDF9 & BMP15
Regulate cumulus gene expression
(Oocyte to cumulus)

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8
Q

What gets lost in the maturation process MI to MII?

A

Half of the maternal homologus chromosome is extruded in a PB

Transcriptional activity ceases, rely on mRNA (post transcriptional events)

Nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation required

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9
Q

Chromosome disjunction occurs when? And is triggered by what proteins?

A

Meiosis II
Via seperase and securin

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10
Q

Meiotic nondisjunction is what, what is the name for it?

A

Abnormal chromatin separation causing an imbalance of whole chromosomes

Aneuploidy

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11
Q

What is genomic imprinting

A

Genomic nuclear change for gene activation or silencing and to the reprogramming of cellular DNA expression.
Epigenetic modification: Determine gene activity

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12
Q

What genetic diseases are from errors or deletions of imprinting?

A

PraderWilli syndrome
Angleman syndrome
Several types of cancers

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13
Q

What is the reason parthos fail to develop?

A

Lack of imprinting

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14
Q

What happens when sperm enter the nucleus of the oocyte?

A

Decondense and di sulfide bonds break from oocyte glutathione

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15
Q

Activins and inhibins are what

A

TGFb superfamily extra cellular signaling molecules (3types of activin and 2 inhibin) picture*

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16
Q

What are some uterine mullerian defects that occur from the absence or error in fusion of the uterine horns?

A

Errors during fetal development:
Septate
Unicornate
Bicornate
T shaped uterus
Rudimentary uterine horn

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17
Q

How fast does semen coagulate? And what makes it coagulate

A

1 minute of coitus
Semenogelin 1 and 2 from the seminal vessicles

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18
Q

What de coagulates semen?

A

PSA (prostate specific antigen)
About 30 min later (liquefaction)

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19
Q

What helps the sperm find the egg?

A

Long range- thermotaxis- temperature gradient

Short range- chemotactic- chemical ques via olfactory receptors

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20
Q

Cumulus oophorus composed of what

A

Hyaluronic acid

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21
Q

What can a zona binding test tell you

A

Capacitation potential of sperm
Oocyte cytoplasm maturity

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22
Q

What part of the sperm fuses with the oocyte once in the pv space?

A

Post acrosomal region of the plasma membrane of the sperm bind to the oocytes microvillus surfaces

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23
Q

What is PLCz

A

Sperm phospholipase c zeta
Triggers oocyte activation at fert to trigger cytoplasmic ca+ oscillations

24
Q

Ploidy of giant oocytes

A

Diploid

25
Q

Zygotic centrosome is formed by which parent gamete

A

Sperm centriole

Becomes sperm aster: initially supports syngamy with pronuclear development and migration

26
Q

Which embryos have highest developmental potential?

A

1st mitotic cleavage (2c) by 25 hours
4c on day 2
7-8c on Day 3

27
Q

Morula compaction process is dependent upon what?

A

Tight junctions between blastomeres and are no longer totipotent

28
Q

What phase of follicles are

Gn independent

Gn responsive

Gn dependent

A

Independent: primordial, primary, secondary

Responsive: preantral, antral

Dependent: antral-graffian

29
Q

What 2 actions are required for testis differentiation

A

SRY and SOX9

SRY upregulates SOX9 gene expression

30
Q

Which layer do wolfian ducts derive from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm (kidney)

31
Q

Which layer do mullarian ducts derive from?

A

Coelomic epithilium

32
Q

What are the 2 types of spermatogonia derived from the germ cells?

A

Type A: least mature on basal lamina
Apale: putative , Adark: more differentiated
Stimulated by retinoic acid to begin meiosis and form:
Type B

33
Q

Maturity of sperm order

A

Spermatogonia
Spermatocyte
Spermatid
Spermatozoa

34
Q

What part of the sperm contains the hydrolytic enzymes?

A

Acrosome

35
Q

What is spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonial stem cells give rise to a spermatozoon

1) spermatogonia proliferate
2) spermatocytes undergo meiosis
3) spermatids undergo spermiogenesis to become spermatozoa

Picture

36
Q

What is the radical spoke?

A

Arm composed of dynein in Sperm tail mitochondrial sheath (9+2 microtubules- 2 inside surrounded by 9) that connect subfiber a and b to the center microtubule

37
Q

Scenarios of increased/decreased sperm:
Volume
Motility
PH

A

Volume= seminal vessicles
Motility=epidydamis
Ph= prostate

38
Q

Emission=
Ejaculation=

A

Emission= semen move into urethra
Ejac= out of urethra with orgasm

39
Q

C= (N x S)/100

A

Concentration of other cells

N=. # of other cells counted in same field
S= sperm concentration

40
Q

How can the acrosome reaction be measured

A

ARIC - acrosome reaction testing

Fluorescent dye- look for bar and given an ARIC score= %acrosome reacted in the test sample - %acrosome reacted in control

Normal=%15

41
Q

What are the acrosome stains?

A

Triple stain technique
Creates patterns: cap, equatorial band, blank after exposed to ca++ or progesterone to create acrosome reaction

42
Q

What can you learn from a sperm zona binding assay?

A

Hemizona: halved zona compare bound sperm between test sample and control

Tells you if the patients sperm failed to bind to zona or if the zona is abnormal

43
Q

Which diseases are examples of non disjunction

A

Aneuploidy- abnormal numbers of whole chromosomes

Turners
Down
Patu
Edward’s
Klinefelters

44
Q

Media components relative amounts (mM)

A

Glucose: cm=0.1 bm=2.8
Pyruvate: cm=.52. Bm- 0.07
Essential aa = cm=0, bm=20-200
Non essentials: in both

45
Q

sperm for conventional IVF

A

50,000-150,000 sperm/oocyte/mL

46
Q

What does the swim up of sperm in the density gradient pellet into clean media separate out?

A

Leukocytes remain in pellet

47
Q

What is MSOME, IMSI

A

Motile sperm organelle morph exam

Intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection

Selecting sperm with high magnification

48
Q

PLC zeta

A

Sperm specific protein phospholipase c zeta that activates the fertilized oocyte. Ca+ flux occurs

49
Q

PLC zeta

A

Sperm specific protein phospholipase c zeta that activates the fertilized oocyte. Ca+ flux occurs

50
Q

Disorders of sexual development

A

Congenital genitourinary tract defects

Hypospadia
Cryptorchidism
Congenital bilateral absence of the vas (cbavd)- caused by cystic fibrosis, 2 genes associated CFTR AND ADGRG2

51
Q

Steroid bio synthetic pathway and metabolism deficiencies

A

Defects in Steroidgenic enzymes and metabolic pathway- sex reversal affects

Antimullarian or mullarian inhibiting hormone= males with female and male genitals

52
Q

Defects of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis

A

Kallamann syndrome (Hypogondadotropic hypogonadism)- GNRH not produced -

failure of GnRH releasing neurons to migrate to olfactory lobe during development. X linked

Controls sexual maturation and spermatogenesis. Rare.

53
Q

Defects in Gonadotropins and their receptors

A

Mutations in FSH and LH and their receptors- pseudo puberty and fertile later in life

54
Q

Androgen receptor gene defects

A

Defects in genes involved in biosynthesis or metabolism of androgens or their receptors

Androgen receptor mutations or deletions=androgen insensitivity syndrome: female external genitalia and testis internally

Inhibition of STAT- cause array of issues- fertile- infertile

55
Q

Androgen receptor gene defects

A

Defects in genes involved in biosynthesis or metabolism of androgens or their receptors

Androgen receptor mutations or deletions=androgen insensitivity syndrome: female external genitalia and testis internally

Inhibition of STAT- cause array of issues- fertile- infertile

56
Q

Infertility genes in human and animal models

A

Hundreds of models of genetic male infertility

Ts Questions - Postits (4 decks)

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