Anatomy Flashcards
What are original cell sources for female and male tract
Coelomic epithelia
Mesonephric cells ??
What is the inner part of the ovary called
Medulla
What is the neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis
Neuro= posterior pituitary
Adeno= anterior pituitary
What does the median eminence connect
Anterior pituitary to hypothalamus
Delivers neurohormones to anterior pituitary
Which follicle contain oocyte with a single layer of flattened pre granulosa cells
Primordial follicle
When does the zona show up, what stage
Primary follicle
What are 2 oocyte secreted factors
Morphogens: GDF9 & BMP15
Regulate cumulus gene expression
(Oocyte to cumulus)
What gets lost in the maturation process MI to MII?
Half of the maternal homologus chromosome is extruded in a PB
Transcriptional activity ceases, rely on mRNA (post transcriptional events)
Nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation required
Chromosome disjunction occurs when? And is triggered by what proteins?
Prophase 1 of meiosis 1
Via seperase and securin
Meiotic nondisjunction is what, what is the name for it?
Abnormal chromatin separation causing an imbalance of whole chromosomes
Aneuploidy
What is genomic imprinting
Genomic nuclear change for gene activation or silencing and to the reprogramming of cellular DNA expression.
Epigenetic modification: Determine gene activity
What genetic diseases are from errors or deletions of imprinting?
PraderWilli syndrome
Angleman syndrome
Several types of cancers
What is the reason parthos fail to develop?
Lack of imprinting
What happens when sperm enter the nucleus of the oocyte?
Decondense and di sulfide bonds break from oocyte glutathione
Activins and inhibins are what
TGFb superfamily extra cellular signaling molecules (3types of activin and 2 inhibin) picture*
What are some uterine mullerian defects that occur from the absence or error in fusion of the uterine horns?
Errors during fetal development:
Septate
Unicornate
Bicornate
T shaped uterus
Rudimentary uterine horn
How fast does semen coagulate? And what makes it coagulate
1 minute of coitus
Semenogelin 1 and 2 from the seminal vessicles
What de coagulates semen?
PSA (prostate specific antigen)
About 30 min later (liquefaction)
What helps the sperm find the egg?
Long range- thermotaxis- temperature gradient
Short range- chemotactic- chemical ques via olfactory receptors
Cumulus oophorus composed of what
Hyaluronic acid
What can a zona binding test tell you
Capacitation potential of sperm
Oocyte cytoplasm maturity
What part of the sperm fuses with the oocyte once in the pv space?
Post acrosomal region of the plasma membrane of the sperm bind to the oocytes microvillus surfaces
What is PLCz
Sperm phospholipase c zeta
Triggers oocyte activation at fert to trigger cytoplasmic ca+ oscillations
Ploidy of giant oocytes
Diploid
Zygotic centrosome is formed by which parent gamete
Sperm centriole
Becomes sperm aster: initially supports syngamy with pronuclear development and migration
Which embryos have highest developmental potential?
1st mitotic cleavage (2c) by 25 hours
4c on day 2
7-8c on Day 3
Morula compaction process is dependent upon what?
Tight junctions between blastomeres and are no longer totipotent
What phase of follicles are
Gn independent
Gn responsive
Gn dependent
Independent: primordial, primary, secondary
Responsive: preantral, antral
Dependent: antral-graffian
What 2 actions are required for testis differentiation
SRY and SOX9
SRY upregulates SOX9 gene expression
Which layer do wolfian ducts derive from?
Intermediate mesoderm (kidney)
Which layer do mullarian ducts derive from?
Coelomic epithilium
What are the 2 types of spermatogonia derived from the germ cells?
Type A: least mature on basal lamina
Apale: putative , Adark: more differentiated
Stimulated by retinoic acid to begin meiosis and form:
Type B
Maturity of sperm order
Spermatogonia
Spermatocyte
Spermatid
Spermatozoa
What part of the sperm contains the hydrolytic enzymes?
Acrosome
What is spermatogenesis
Spermatogonial stem cells give rise to a spermatozoon
1) spermatogonia proliferate
2) spermatocytes undergo meiosis
3) spermatids undergo spermiogenesis to become spermatozoa
Picture
What is the radical spoke?
Arm composed of dynein in Sperm tail mitochondrial sheath (9+2 microtubules- 2 inside surrounded by 9) that connect subfiber a and b to the center microtubule
Scenarios of increased/decreased sperm:
Volume
Motility
PH
Volume= seminal vessicles
Motility=epidydamis
Ph= prostate
Emission=
Ejaculation=
Emission= semen move into urethra
Ejac= out of urethra with orgasm
C= (N x S)/100
Concentration of other cells
N=. # of other cells counted in same field
S= sperm concentration
How can the acrosome reaction be measured
ARIC - acrosome reaction testing
Fluorescent dye- look for bar and given an ARIC score= %acrosome reacted in the test sample - %acrosome reacted in control
Normal=%15
What are the acrosome stains?
Triple stain technique
Creates patterns: cap, equatorial band, blank after exposed to ca++ or progesterone to create acrosome reaction
What can you learn from a sperm zona binding assay?
Hemizona: halved zona compare bound sperm between test sample and control
Tells you if the patients sperm failed to bind to zona or if the zona is abnormal
Which diseases are examples of non disjunction
Aneuploidy- abnormal numbers of whole chromosomes
Turners
Down
Patu
Edward’s
Klinefelters
Media components relative amounts (mM)
Glucose: cm=0.1 bm=2.8
Pyruvate: cm=.52. Bm- 0.07
Essential aa = cm=0, bm=20-200
Non essentials: in both
sperm for conventional IVF
50,000-150,000 sperm/oocyte/mL
What does the swim up of sperm in the density gradient pellet into clean media separate out?
Leukocytes remain in pellet
What is MSOME, IMSI
Motile sperm organelle morph exam
Intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection
Selecting sperm with high magnification
PLC zeta
Sperm specific protein phospholipase c zeta that activates the fertilized oocyte. Ca+ flux occurs
PLC zeta
Sperm specific protein phospholipase c zeta that activates the fertilized oocyte. Ca+ flux occurs
Disorders of sexual development
Congenital genitourinary tract defects
Hypospadia
Cryptorchidism
Congenital bilateral absence of the vas (cbavd)- caused by cystic fibrosis, 2 genes associated CFTR AND ADGRG2
Steroid bio synthetic pathway and metabolism deficiencies
Defects in Steroidgenic enzymes and metabolic pathway- sex reversal affects
Antimullarian or mullarian inhibiting hormone= males with female and male genitals
Defects of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis
Kallamann syndrome (Hypogondadotropic hypogonadism)- GNRH not produced -
failure of GnRH releasing neurons to migrate to olfactory lobe during development. X linked
Controls sexual maturation and spermatogenesis. Rare.
Defects in Gonadotropins and their receptors
Mutations in FSH and LH and their receptors- pseudo puberty and fertile later in life
Androgen receptor gene defects
Defects in genes involved in biosynthesis or metabolism of androgens or their receptors
Androgen receptor mutations or deletions=androgen insensitivity syndrome: female external genitalia and testis internally
Inhibition of STAT- cause array of issues- fertile- infertile
Androgen receptor gene defects
Defects in genes involved in biosynthesis or metabolism of androgens or their receptors
Androgen receptor mutations or deletions=androgen insensitivity syndrome: female external genitalia and testis internally
Inhibition of STAT- cause array of issues- fertile- infertile
Infertility genes in human and animal models
Hundreds of models of genetic male infertility
Primordial follicle pathways include
1)Phosphate tenesin (PTEN, PI3K)
2) bone morphogenic proteins (bmp)/ (amh) smad
Azospermia
No sperm after centrifuge
Cryptozoospermia
Few sperm found after centrifuge
Oligospermia
Decreased sperm count
Who <
6: <16
5: 15
4-2: 20
Asthenozoospermia
Decreased sperm motility
Who <
6: progressive = 30, pro + non= 42
5: 32, 40
4-2; 25, 50
Teratozoospermia
Decreased morphology
Who <
6: 4
5: 4
4: 15
3: 30
2: 50
Asthenozoospermia and syndromes
No motility
Kartagers= no dynein arms
