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Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are original cell sources for female and male tract

A

Coelomic epithelia
Mesonephric cells ??

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2
Q

What is the inner part of the ovary called

A

Medulla

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3
Q

What is the neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis

A

Neuro= posterior pituitary
Adeno= anterior pituitary

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4
Q

What does the median eminence connect

A

Anterior pituitary to hypothalamus
Delivers neurohormones to anterior pituitary

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5
Q

Which follicle contain oocyte with a single layer of flattened pre granulosa cells

A

Primordial follicle

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6
Q

When does the zona show up, what stage

A

Primary follicle

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7
Q

What are 2 oocyte secreted factors

A

Morphogens: GDF9 & BMP15
Regulate cumulus gene expression
(Oocyte to cumulus)

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8
Q

What gets lost in the maturation process MI to MII?

A

Half of the maternal homologus chromosome is extruded in a PB

Transcriptional activity ceases, rely on mRNA (post transcriptional events)

Nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation required

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9
Q

Chromosome disjunction occurs when? And is triggered by what proteins?

A

Prophase 1 of meiosis 1
Via seperase and securin

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10
Q

Meiotic nondisjunction is what, what is the name for it?

A

Abnormal chromatin separation causing an imbalance of whole chromosomes

Aneuploidy

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11
Q

What is genomic imprinting

A

Genomic nuclear change for gene activation or silencing and to the reprogramming of cellular DNA expression.
Epigenetic modification: Determine gene activity

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12
Q

What genetic diseases are from errors or deletions of imprinting?

A

PraderWilli syndrome
Angleman syndrome
Several types of cancers

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13
Q

What is the reason parthos fail to develop?

A

Lack of imprinting

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14
Q

What happens when sperm enter the nucleus of the oocyte?

A

Decondense and di sulfide bonds break from oocyte glutathione

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15
Q

Activins and inhibins are what

A

TGFb superfamily extra cellular signaling molecules (3types of activin and 2 inhibin) picture*

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16
Q

What are some uterine mullerian defects that occur from the absence or error in fusion of the uterine horns?

A

Errors during fetal development:
Septate
Unicornate
Bicornate
T shaped uterus
Rudimentary uterine horn

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17
Q

How fast does semen coagulate? And what makes it coagulate

A

1 minute of coitus
Semenogelin 1 and 2 from the seminal vessicles

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18
Q

What de coagulates semen?

A

PSA (prostate specific antigen)
About 30 min later (liquefaction)

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19
Q

What helps the sperm find the egg?

A

Long range- thermotaxis- temperature gradient

Short range- chemotactic- chemical ques via olfactory receptors

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20
Q

Cumulus oophorus composed of what

A

Hyaluronic acid

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21
Q

What can a zona binding test tell you

A

Capacitation potential of sperm
Oocyte cytoplasm maturity

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22
Q

What part of the sperm fuses with the oocyte once in the pv space?

A

Post acrosomal region of the plasma membrane of the sperm bind to the oocytes microvillus surfaces

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23
Q

What is PLCz

A

Sperm phospholipase c zeta
Triggers oocyte activation at fert to trigger cytoplasmic ca+ oscillations

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24
Q

Ploidy of giant oocytes

A

Diploid

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25
Zygotic centrosome is formed by which parent gamete
Sperm centriole Becomes sperm aster: initially supports syngamy with pronuclear development and migration
26
Which embryos have highest developmental potential?
1st mitotic cleavage (2c) by 25 hours 4c on day 2 7-8c on Day 3
27
Morula compaction process is dependent upon what?
Tight junctions between blastomeres and are no longer totipotent
28
What phase of follicles are Gn independent Gn responsive Gn dependent
Independent: primordial, primary, secondary Responsive: preantral, antral Dependent: antral-graffian
29
What 2 actions are required for testis differentiation
SRY and SOX9 SRY upregulates SOX9 gene expression
30
Which layer do wolfian ducts derive from?
Intermediate mesoderm (kidney)
31
Which layer do mullarian ducts derive from?
Coelomic epithilium
32
What are the 2 types of spermatogonia derived from the germ cells?
Type A: least mature on basal lamina Apale: putative , Adark: more differentiated Stimulated by retinoic acid to begin meiosis and form: Type B
33
Maturity of sperm order
Spermatogonia Spermatocyte Spermatid Spermatozoa
34
What part of the sperm contains the hydrolytic enzymes?
Acrosome
35
What is spermatogenesis
Spermatogonial stem cells give rise to a spermatozoon 1) spermatogonia proliferate 2) spermatocytes undergo meiosis 3) spermatids undergo spermiogenesis to become spermatozoa Picture
36
What is the radical spoke?
Arm composed of dynein in Sperm tail mitochondrial sheath (9+2 microtubules- 2 inside surrounded by 9) that connect subfiber a and b to the center microtubule
37
Scenarios of increased/decreased sperm: Volume Motility PH
Volume= seminal vessicles Motility=epidydamis Ph= prostate
38
Emission= Ejaculation=
Emission= semen move into urethra Ejac= out of urethra with orgasm
39
C= (N x S)/100
Concentration of other cells N=. # of other cells counted in same field S= sperm concentration
40
How can the acrosome reaction be measured
ARIC - acrosome reaction testing Fluorescent dye- look for bar and given an ARIC score= %acrosome reacted in the test sample - %acrosome reacted in control Normal=%15
41
What are the acrosome stains?
Triple stain technique Creates patterns: cap, equatorial band, blank after exposed to ca++ or progesterone to create acrosome reaction
42
What can you learn from a sperm zona binding assay?
Hemizona: halved zona compare bound sperm between test sample and control Tells you if the patients sperm failed to bind to zona or if the zona is abnormal
43
Which diseases are examples of non disjunction
Aneuploidy- abnormal numbers of whole chromosomes Turners Down Patu Edward’s Klinefelters
44
Media components relative amounts (mM)
Glucose: cm=0.1 bm=2.8 Pyruvate: cm=.52. Bm- 0.07 Essential aa = cm=0, bm=20-200 Non essentials: in both
45
#sperm for conventional IVF
50,000-150,000 sperm/oocyte/mL
46
What does the swim up of sperm in the density gradient pellet into clean media separate out?
Leukocytes remain in pellet
47
What is MSOME, IMSI
Motile sperm organelle morph exam Intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection Selecting sperm with high magnification
48
PLC zeta
Sperm specific protein phospholipase c zeta that activates the fertilized oocyte. Ca+ flux occurs
49
PLC zeta
Sperm specific protein phospholipase c zeta that activates the fertilized oocyte. Ca+ flux occurs
50
Disorders of sexual development
Congenital genitourinary tract defects Hypospadia Cryptorchidism Congenital bilateral absence of the vas (cbavd)- caused by cystic fibrosis, 2 genes associated CFTR AND ADGRG2
51
Steroid bio synthetic pathway and metabolism deficiencies
Defects in Steroidgenic enzymes and metabolic pathway- sex reversal affects Antimullarian or mullarian inhibiting hormone= males with female and male genitals
52
Defects of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis
Kallamann syndrome (Hypogondadotropic hypogonadism)- GNRH not produced - failure of GnRH releasing neurons to migrate to olfactory lobe during development. X linked Controls sexual maturation and spermatogenesis. Rare.
53
Defects in Gonadotropins and their receptors
Mutations in FSH and LH and their receptors- pseudo puberty and fertile later in life
54
Androgen receptor gene defects
Defects in genes involved in biosynthesis or metabolism of androgens or their receptors Androgen receptor mutations or deletions=androgen insensitivity syndrome: female external genitalia and testis internally Inhibition of STAT- cause array of issues- fertile- infertile
55
Androgen receptor gene defects
Defects in genes involved in biosynthesis or metabolism of androgens or their receptors Androgen receptor mutations or deletions=androgen insensitivity syndrome: female external genitalia and testis internally Inhibition of STAT- cause array of issues- fertile- infertile
56
Infertility genes in human and animal models
Hundreds of models of genetic male infertility
57
Primordial follicle pathways include
1)Phosphate tenesin (PTEN, PI3K) 2) bone morphogenic proteins (bmp)/ (amh) smad
58
Azospermia
No sperm after centrifuge
59
Cryptozoospermia
Few sperm found after centrifuge
60
Oligospermia
Decreased sperm count Who < 6: <16 5: 15 4-2: 20
61
Asthenozoospermia
Decreased sperm motility Who < 6: progressive = 30, pro + non= 42 5: 32, 40 4-2; 25, 50
62
Teratozoospermia
Decreased morphology Who < 6: 4 5: 4 4: 15 3: 30 2: 50
63
Asthenozoospermia and syndromes
No motility Kartagers= no dynein arms

Ts Questions - Postits (4 decks)

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