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Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the borders of the femoral triangle?

A

Superior: Inguinal ligament

Lateral: Medial border of sartorius

Medial: Medial border of adductor lognus

Roof: Fascia lata

Floor: adductor longus, illiopsoas, pectineus

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2
Q

What are contents of the femoral triangle from lateral to medial?

A

Femoral Nerve
Femoral Artery (within sheath)
Femoral Vein (within sheath)
Lymphatics and deep inguinal nodes (within canal)

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3
Q

What are the cerebellar dysfunction signs?

A

Dysdiadokinesia / dysmetria
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Intention tremor
Slurred/ staccato/ scanning speech
HYPOtonia

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4
Q

What is the anatomical course of the abducens nerve?

A
  • Originates in the Pons
  • Travels through the cavernous sinus
  • Runs alongside the internal carotid artery
  • Exits via the superior orbital fissure
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5
Q

Abducens nerve palsy causes which symptom?

A

Horizontal diplopia

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6
Q

What is the anatomical course of the glossopharyngeal nerve

A
  • Originates in the medulla
  • Exits via the jugular foramen
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7
Q

What are the sensory functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A
  • Posterior 1/3 tongue
  • Tonsils
  • Oropharynx
  • Soft palate
  • Middle ear
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8
Q

Is the glossopharyngeal nerve involved in any reflexes? If yes name it

A

Afferent pathway of gag reflex

Afferent pathway of carotid sinus reflex

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9
Q

What are the zones of the prostate and which is most commonly affected by BPH and malignancy?

A

Transitional: surrounds the urethra and affected by BPH leading to urinary symptoms

Central

Peripheral: prone to carcinomatous transformation, it is the area felt on PR examination

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10
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the prostate?

A

Internal iliac nodes
+ external iliac nodes
+ presacral nodes

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11
Q

Describe the parts (4) of the testes and their role:

A

Seminiferous tubules: produces spermatozoa

Interstitial tissue: secretes testosterone

Epididymis: collects spermatozoa

Ductus deferens: connects to the epididymis and ejaculatory ducts for transport of spermatozoa

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12
Q

What is the blood supply to the testes?

A

The testicular artery which is a direct branch of the abdominal aorta

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13
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the a) testes and b) scrotum

A

Testes: para-aortic lumbar nodes

Scrotum: superficial inguinal nodes

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14
Q

Which muscles are located in the medial compartment of the thigh and what is their function?

A

Adductor longus - hip adduct + medial rotation
Adductor brevis - hip adduct
Adductor Magnus - hip adduct + medial rotation

Obturator externus - hip lateral rotation

Gracillis - adduct hip + flex knee

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15
Q

Which nerve innervates the medial compartment of the thigh (adductors)?

A

Obturator

(Apart from the hamstring portion of the adductor magnus - tibial division of the sciatic nerve)

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16
Q

Where would you test the following dermatomes:
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
T1
T2

A

C2 - occipital protuberance
C3 - supraclavicular fossa
C4 - acromioclavicular joint
C5 - lateral antecubital fossa
C6 - thumb
C7 - middle finger
C8 - little finger
T1 - medial antecubital fossa
T2 - apex of the axilla

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17
Q

At what spinal level is the conus medularis located?

A

L1/2

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18
Q

Spinal nerves are formed from what individual components?

A

Anterior root (motor)
Posterior root (sensory)

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19
Q

Once leaving the vertebral canal via the intervertebral foramina, spinal nerves divide into what?

A

Posterior rami: provides innervation to intrinsic back muscles

Anterior rami: provides innervation to muscles and skin of the trunk, limbs and visceral organs

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20
Q

What is the arterial supply to the spinal cord and where do they originate?

A

Anterior spinal artery: vertebral arteries

Posterior spinal artery (x2 paired arteries): PICA or vertebral arteries

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21
Q

Which structures are usually damaged in a surgical neck of humerus fracture?

A

Axillary nerve
Posterior humeral circumflex artery

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22
Q

Where is the transverse thoracic plane located and what happens here?

A

T4/T5

  • The aortic arch begins and ends
  • The trachea bifurcates
  • The pulmonary trunk bifurcates
  • The Azygos vein drains into the SVC
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23
Q

What is the anatomical course of the facial nerve?

A
  • Arises in the pons
  • Travels through the internal acoustic meatus in the temporal bone
  • Travels through the facial canal in the temporal bone
  • Exits via the stylomastoid foramen
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24
Q

What is the motor, sensory and autonomic function of the facial nerve

A

MOTOR:
- Facial expression
- Posterior belly of digastric muscle
- Stylohyoid muscle
- Stapedius muscle

SENSORY:
- Taste to anterior 2/3 of the tongue (chorda tympani branch)

AUTONOMIC:
- parasympathetic innervation to lacrimal, salivary and nasal glands

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25
What reflex is the facial nerve involved in?
Efferent pathway of corneal blink reflex
26
What is the sympathetic and parasympathetic supply to the rectum?
Sympathetic: Lumbar splanchnic and hypogastric plexus Parasympathetic: Pelvic splanchnic and hypogastric plexus
27
What are the nerve roots of the femoral nerve?
L2-L4 (arising from the lumbar plexus)
28
What are the motor functions of the femoral nerve and which muscles does this correlate to?
Hip flexors: sartorius, pectineus, iliacus Knee extensors: quadriceps femoris (vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, rectus femoris)
29
What are the sensory functions of the femoral nerve?
- Anteromedial thigh - Medial leg and foot (saphenous)
30
Describe the sensory innervation (including taste) of the tongue
Anterior 2/3 sensation: Lingual (mandibular) Anterior 2/3 taste: Corda tympani (facial) Poster1/3 sensation and taste: Glossopharyngeal
31
What structures are located within the superficial cervical fascia?
- External jugular vein - Lymph nodes - Platysma muscle - Neurovascular supply to the skin
32
What are the layers of the deep cervical fascia and what is contained within each?
INVESTING (surrounds the other 3 layers) - splits to surround trapezius and sternocleidomastoid PRETRACHEAL - viscera of the neck: trachea, thyroid, oesophagus PREVERTEBRAL - vertebral collumn - deep muscles of the back CAROTID SHEATH - common carotid artery - internal carotid artery - internal jugular vein - vagus nerve
33
Where is the pretracheal space located and what does it connect?
Between the investing layer and pretracheal layer Neck to anterosuperior mediastinum
34
Where is the retropharyngeal space located and what does it connect?
Between a section of the pretracheal fascia (buccopharyngeal) and prevertebral fascia Base of the skull to posterosuperior mediastinum
35
Where is the prevertebral space located and what does it connect?
Within a split in the prevertebral fascia Base of the skull to diaphragm via the posterior mediastinum
36
Describe the function, innervation and distal attachment of the lateral leg muscles
FIBULARIS LONGUS - foot eversion + plantar flexion + arch support - superficial fibular nerve - 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform FIBULARIS BREVIS - foot eversion - superficial fibular nerve - base of 5th metatarsal
37
What are the main lymph node groups that drain the face?
SUBMENTAL - medial lower lip - chin SUBMANDIBULAR - medial orbit - nose - medial cheek - upper lip and lateral lower lip PREAURICULAR and PAROTID - eyelids - lateral cheek
38
The LEFT optic tract contains fibres from which part of the retina which corresponds to what visual field?
Fibres from the left temporal retina and right nasal retina corresponding to the RIGHT visual field
39
Where is the lateral geniculate nucleus located and what happens here?
Thalamus Optic tract fibres synapse
40
In relation to the optic radiations, where are the upper and lower radiations located and how does this correspond to the visual fields?
UPPER - parietal lobe - inferior visual field LOWER - temporal lobe - superior visual field
41
What is the blood supply to the macular?
Posterior cerebral artery + Middle cerebral artery
42
What is the blood supply to the optic nerve?
Central retinal artery (branch of ophthalmic)
43
Describe the visual field defect associated with the following: a) optic nerve b) optic chiasm c) optic tract d) superior optic radiation e) visual cortex
a) ipsilateral visual loss b) bitemporal hemianopia c) contralateral homonymous hemianopia d) contralateral inferior homonymous quadrantinopia e) contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing
44
What nerve is involved in the afferent reflex that initiates defecation?
Pelvic splanchnic (stimulated by distension of the rectal ampulla)
45
What is the lymphatic draining of the anus?
Above pectinate line: - Internal iliac Below pectinate line: - Superficial inguinal -> External iliac
46
What is the nerve supply to the anus?
Above pectinate line (autonomic only): - Inferior hypogastric plexus Below pectinate line: - Pudendal (S2-4)
47
What is the blood supply to the uterus? Where are the vessels located?
Uterine artery (internal iliac) + uterine branches of ovarian artery They are located in the broad ligament
48
The spring ligament (foot) connects which 2 bones? What is its role?
Calcaneus to navicular Transmits the weight of the body from the talus to the forefoot + medial arch support
49
Describe the functional unit of the liver
The hepatocytes are arranged in to hexagonal shaped lobules Central: central vein (draining to hepatic vein) Peripheral points: Portal triad - portal arteriole (hepatic artery) - portal venule (portal vein) - bile duct - lymphatics - vagal parasympathetic nerves
50
The femoral artery is a continuation of what main artery? What does the femoral artery become and where?
External iliac Popliteal artery (just proximal to the knee)
51
Where would you test dermatomes L1-5
L1 - upper anterior thigh L2 - mid anterior thigh L3 - medial femoral condyle L4 - medial malleolus L5 - dorsum of the 3rd MTP joint
52
Where would you test dermatomes S1-5
S1 - lateral heal S2 - popliteal fossa S3 - ischial tuberosity S4/5 - perianal area
53
Describe the bifurcations and branches of the popliteal artery
Bifurcates in to the anterior and posterior tibial The anterior tibial eventually becomes the dorsalis pedis The posterior tibial artery then gives off the circumflex fibular and fibular artery
54
Where would you feel for the posterior tibial artery pulse?
Posterior and inferior to the medial malleolus
55
What is the function of the hamstring muscles?
All: Flex knee, extend hip Biceps femoris: hip lateral rotation Semitendinosus: hip medial rotation Semimembranosus: hip medial rotation
56
What is the nerve supply to the hamstring muscles?
Tibial division of the sciatic nerve (L5-S2) (Short head of the biceps femoris is supplied by the common fibular division of the sciatic nerve)
57
What is the function of the thymus gland?
T-cell maturation
58
What type of joint is the knee?
Modified hinge type synovial joint
59
Tibial collateral ligament: a) attachments b) function
a) medial epicondyle of the femur -> medial tibia b) stabilise the knee medially
60
Fibular collateral ligament: a) attachments b) function
a) lateral condyle of the femur -> lateral fibular b) stabilise the knee laterally
61
Anterior cruciate ligament: a) attachments b) function c) mechanism of injury
a) anterior intercondylar region of the tibia -> passes posteriorly -> lateral intercondylar fossa of the femur b) prevents anterior displacement of the tibia compared to the femur c) hyperextension or a large force to the back of the knee in partial flexion
62
Posterior cruciate ligament: a) attachments b) function c) mechanism of injury
a) posterior intercondylar region of the tibia -> ascends anteriorly -> medial intercondylar fossa of the femur b) prevents posterior displacement of the tibia compared to the femur c) hyperflexion or when a large force is applied to the tibia during flexion
63
What is the unhappy triad in knee injuries?
Anterior cruciate ligament + medial meniscus + tibial collateral
64
What are the branches of the internal carotid arteries?
- Ophthalmic artery - Anterior cerebral artery - Middle cerebral artery - Anterior communicating artery - Posterior communicating artery - Anterior choroidal artery
65
Describe the anatomical pathway of the vertebral arteries
Arise from the subclavian arteries -> Ascend through the transverse foramina of C6-C1 vertebrae -> Pass through foramen magnum to reach the cranial cavity
66
What are the branches of the vertebral arteries?
- Anterior spinal artery - Paired posterior spinal arteries - Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries They then join to form the basilar artery
67
Surface anatomy: The inferior margin of the lung on quiet respiration
T10 vertebrae 8th rib (mid axillary) 6th rib (anteriorly)
68
Surface anatomy: Right (and left) oblique fissure
T4 vertebrae 5th intercostal space (mid axillary) 6th rib (anteriorly)
69
Surface anatomy: Right horizontal fissure
Starting at the sternum it follows the 4th intercostal space until it meets the oblique fissure
70
Which muscles produce inversion of the foot? Which nerves are involved?
Tibialis anterior and posterior - Deep fibular nerve - Tibial nerve
71
Which muscles produce eversion of the foot? Which nerves are involved?
Fibularis longus, brevis and tertius - Deep fibular nerve - Superficial fibular nerve
72
What is the origin of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh?
Anterior rami of L2/L3 (part of the lumbar plexus)
73
Describe the anatomical course of the vagus nerve
- Originates in the medulla - Exits via the jugular foramen - Travels inferiorly within the carotid sheath before branching: Right: - passes anteriorly to subclavian artery (right recurrent laryngeal then hooks back up towards the larynx) - Reaching the thorax, the posterior vagal trunk is formed Left: - passes inferiorly to subclavian artery - Reaching the thorax, the anterior vagal trunk is formed (left recurrent laryngeal hooks under the arch of the aorta to ascend) They both terminate in the abdomen
74
How is the vagus nerve assessed?
- Gag reflex (efferent pathway) - Saying ahhh (uvula will move AWAY from the affected side) - Cough
75
What forms the anterior and posterior wall of the rectus sheath?
Anterior: Aponeurosis of external oblique + half of internal oblique Posterior: Aponeurosis of half of internal oblique + transversus abdominis (The aponeurosis of internal oblique splits)
76
Where is the arcuate line located and what happens at this point? (Abdominal wall muscles)
Midway between the umbilicus and pubic symphysis There is no longer a posterior wall of the rectus sheath (the aponeurosis of all 3 muscles form the anterior wall) so the rectus abdominis is in direct contact with the transversalis fascia
77
What are the contents of the rectus sheath?
- Rectus abdominis - Pyramidalis - Superior and inferior epigastric nerves - Intercostal nerves T7-11 - 12th thoracic nerve

MRCEM Primary (6 decks)

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