Anatomy Flashcards
Name anatomical landmarks.
- Drain position for pleural tap
- Heart apex
- Kidneys
- Iliac crest
- Diaphragmatic openings
- Umbilicus
- Scapula
- Spinal cord (lower border)
Drain position for pleural tap: mid axillary line, 5th intercostal space.
Heart apex: mid clavicular line, 5th intercostal space.
Kidneys: T12-L3
Iliac crest: L4
Diaphragmatic openings
- V: Vena cava (inferior) T8
- O: Oesophagus T10
- A: Aorta T12
Umbilicus: L3-L4
Scapula: T3-T7
Spinal cord (lower border):
Adults - L1
Children - L3
Name the nerve injuries associated with:
- Winging scapula
- Dropped scapula
- Winging scapula: Long thoracic nerve
- Dropped scapula: Accessory nerve
Describe the sensory innervation branches of the femoral nerve.
Saphenous nerve [HIGH YIELD]
- Medial leg + foot
- Anterior + Medial aspects of thigh
Describe the motor innervation of the femoral nerve.
- Extension of the knee;
- Flexion of the hip.
Describe the nerve injuries associated with the following injuries:
- Acetabular #
- Femur neck #
- Neck of fibula #
- Foot drop
- Loss of sensation on lateral and medial side of foot
- Glove and stocking pattern of Paresthesia
- Acetabular #: sciatic nerve
- Femur neck #: sciatic nerve
- Neck of fibula #: common peroneal nerve
- Foot drop: sciatic, common peroneal and deep peroneal nerve
- Loss of sensation on lateral side of foot: sural nerve
- Loss of sensation on medial side of foot: saphenous nerve (through the femoral nerve)
- Glove and stocking pattern of Paresthesia: DM peripheral neuropathy
What is the nerve of which the common peroneal nerve branches off of it?
Sciatic nerve.
What are the injuries associated with common peroneal nerve?
- Injury to lateral side of the knee + foot drop;
- Fracture neck of fibula + foot drop
- Recent removal of below of knee cast + foot drop
Describe the motor distribution of the brachial plexus?
Upper brachial plexus
Superior trunk C5,6:
- Shoulder abduction
- Elbow flexion
C6
- Wrist extension
Middle trunk C7
- Forearm extension
Lower brachial plexus
Inferior trunk C8, T1: Hand function.
Describe the motor distribution of the brachial plexus?
Upper brachial plexus
Superior trunk C5,6:
- Shoulder abduction
- Elbow flexion
C6
- Wrist extension
Middle trunk C7
- Forearm extension
Lower brachial plexus
Inferior trunk C8, T1: Hand function.
Describe the motor distribution of the brachial plexus?
Upper brachial plexus
Superior trunk C5,6:
- Shoulder abduction
- Elbow flexion
C6
- Wrist extension
Middle trunk C7
- Forearm extension
Lower brachial plexus
Inferior trunk C8, T1: Hand function.
Describe Erb’s palsy/ waiter’s tip deformity.
- Injury to the upper brachial plexus (C5, C6) sometimes including C7.
Describe Klumpke’s palsy?
- Injury to lower brachial plexus (C8-T1)
- Hand function
What is the nerve associated with winging of scapula?
- Long thoracic nerve
- C5-C7
- Weakness of serratus anterior muscle.
What is the nerve that innervates the eye?
CN 3 / oculomotor nerve:
- All the muscles of the eye
- Injury causes ptosis and mydriasis
Except
CN4 / Trochlear nerve:
- Superior oblique muscle
- Diploplia looking downwards (high yield)
CN6 / Abducens nerve:
- Lateral rectus muscle
- Injury causes diploplia on looking towards same side
What are the nerves that originate at the midbrain?
- Oculomotor CN3
- Trochlear nerve CN4
Describe the sensory innervation and the injury seen with infraorbital nerve.
Injury: orbital blowout fracture
Sensory innervation:
- Lower eyelid
- Cheek
- Upper lip
In biliary colic what is the 2nd part of the duodenum where stones could be lodged?
Hepatopancreatic ampulla / Ampulla of Vater.
What is the tendon rupture involved in rheumatoid arthritis?
Extensor digitorum.
What is the tendon involved in extension of the thumb at the interphalangeal joint and extension of the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint?
Interphalangeal: Extensor pollicis longus.
Metacarpophalangeal: Extensor pollicis brevis.
Describe the correct placement of chest drain technique.
1. Within the safe triangle:
- Upper border: base of axilla;
- Lower border: 5th intercostal space;
- Anterior border: Pectoralis major;
- Posterior border: Latissimus dorsi
2. Insertion:
- 5th intercostal space
- Mid axillary line
- Superior border of the rib (avoiding VAN at the inferior border)
DDx between injuries of the hand muscles:
- Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle
- Flexor digitorum profundus muscle
Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle
- Unable to flex MCP joints and proximal interphalangeal joints
Flexor digitorum profundus muscle
- Unable to flex distal interphalangeal joints
What is the innervation of the tongue and the salivary glands?
Taste:
- CN 7 / Facial nerve: anterior 2/3 of the tongue;
- CN 9 / Glossopharyngeal: posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Movement:
- CN 12 / hypoglossal
Salivation:
- CN 7 / Facial nerve: submandibular & sublingual glands;
- CN 9 / Glossopharyngeal: parotid glands
What are the surgeries that cause nerve damage associated with taste?
Tympanoplasty:
- Facial nerve (CN 7) damage.
Describe the symptoms of rupture of biceps.
- Proximal biceps: popeye’s sign;
- Distal biceps: sharp pain in cubital fossa.
