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YEAR 1 > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

phrenic nerves

A

descend the lateral border of pericardium

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2
Q

pericardiocentesis

A

fluid drainage from pericardial cavity

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3
Q

transverse pericardial sinus

A

space within pericardial cavity - posterior to aorta + pulmonary trunk

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4
Q

aortic branches

A

brachiocephalic trunk - RC carotid + R subclavian
LC carotid
L subclavian

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5
Q

RCA location

A

coronary groove

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6
Q

LAD location

A

anterior interventricular groove

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7
Q

RCA branches

A

R marginal (an)
posterior interventricular

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8
Q

LCA branches

A

circumflex
L marginal
LAD (+ lateral branch)

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9
Q

coronary sinus

A

drain CAs to RA, atrioventricular groove

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10
Q

valves

A

tricuspid (R) + mitral (L)
pulmonary (R) + aortic (L)

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11
Q

auricles

A

extra filling space in atria

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12
Q

heart auscultation points

A

aortic - RSB, 2nd ICS
pulmonary - LSB, 2nd ICS

tricuspid - RSB, 4th ICS
mitral - midclavicular, 5th ICS

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13
Q

sympathetic nerve cardio pathway

A

CNS -> exit SC at T1 / L1-3 -> sympathetic chain ganglion -> cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

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14
Q

cardiac plexus

A

formed by vagus + cardiac splanchnic
(+ visceral afferent)

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15
Q

parasympathetic nerve cardiac pathway

A

vagus nerve (CN X)

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16
Q

postcentral gyrus (parietal lobe)

A

somatic sensations arrive here

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17
Q

precentral gyrus (frontal lobe)

A

SkM signals originate from here

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18
Q

azygous vein

A

drains ICS (from IC veins)

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19
Q

ligamentum arteriosum

A

remnants of ductus arteriosus

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20
Q

visceral afferent pathway

A

to brain (thalamus + hypothalamus) on cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

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21
Q

radiating pain

A

pain felt at both og site + new site

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22
Q

referred pain

A

pain felt only at a remote site

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23
Q

triple vessel disease

A

RCA + LAD + circumflex

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24
Q

vein used in CABG

A

great saphenous (thigh)

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25
Q

thymus

A

anterior mediastinum, produced T lymphocytes in adolescence

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26
Q

thoracic duct

A

main lymph drainage, drains at L venous angle

(R duct drains at R angle)

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27
Q

bronchopulmonary lymph nodes

A

main bronchus at lung root

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28
Q

tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes

A

around bifurcation of trachea

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29
Q

recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus

A

causes hoarseness in lung cancers

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30
Q

drains into SVC

A

L subclavian + L internal jugular -> L BCV

R brachiocephalic vein

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31
Q

central veins

A

veins close enough to heart so that pressure = RA

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32
Q

R+L recurrent laryngeal hooks

A

R - hooks under R subclavian (NOT in chest)

L - hooks under aortic arch (YES in chest)

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33
Q

phrenic nerves formed by

A

anterior rami of C3/4/5

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34
Q

phrenic nerves somatic sensory

A

mediastinal parietal
fibrous pericardium
diaphragm parietal pleura + peritoneum

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35
Q

phrenic referred pain

A

supraclavicular nerves C3/4 refer pain to shoulder tip

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36
Q

vagus nerve makeup

A

somatic sensory + motor

after recurrent laryngeal only parasympathetic left

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37
Q

at C6 level (resp)

A

larynx -> trachea
pharynx -> oesophagus

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38
Q

bronchopulmonary segments

A

10 in each lung

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39
Q

epiglottis

A

flap of tissue beneath tongue, closes trachea while eating

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40
Q

nasal septum

A

boney - ethmoid + vomer
cartilaginous

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41
Q

larynx anterior

A

epiglottis
hyoid bone
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
trachea

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42
Q

larynx superior

A

laryngeal inlet
vocal chords
rima glottidis
arytenoid cartilage (pos)

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43
Q

conchae of nasal cavity

A

superior, middle, inferior
lateral wall

increase surface area + turbulent flow
good vascularisation = warmth
resp mucosa = moisture
sticky mucous = “cleaned”

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44
Q

pharynx sections

A

nasopharynx - posterior to nasal cavity
oropharynx - posterior to oral cavity
laryngopharynx - posterior to larynx

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45
Q

costal margin

A

lower edge of all ribs

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46
Q

IC muscle layers

A

(RIGHT)
1. external \
2. internal /
3. innermost |

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47
Q

ICS N+B supply

A

anterior ramus of spinal nerve (IC nerve)

posterior - thoracic aorta + azygous vein
anterior - internal thoracic artery + vein

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48
Q

diaphragm attaches to

A
  1. sternum
  2. lower 6 ribs + costal
  3. L1-3 vertebral bodies
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49
Q

tits

A

nipple, areola, axillary tail

subclavian & internal thoracic artery + vein

drains to axillary + parasternal lymph nodes

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50
Q

chest muscles

A

pectoralis major + minor
- cephalic vein in delto-pectoral groove -
deltoid (shoulder)

latissimus dorsi (back)
serratus anterior (scapula to ribs (long thoracic nerve))

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51
Q

costodiaphragmatic recess

A

most inferior of pleural cavity (while upright)
diaphragm PP - costal PP

most inferior = costophrenic angle

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52
Q

lung hilum

A

1 main bronchus
1 pulmonary artery
2 pulmonary veins

53
Q

lung auscultation

A

horizontal fissure = rib 4
oblique fissures = rib 6 (extends up to T3 pos)

bases = T11

54
Q

cough anatomy

A
  1. sensory input
  2. deep inspiration (+access muscles)
  3. rima glottidis closes (vagus)
  4. anterolateral ab wall muscles contract (IC) -> pressure rises
  5. rima glottidis opens (vagus again)
  6. soft palate tenses (CN V) + elevates (vagus) = cough!
55
Q

carotid sheaths

A
  1. vagus nerve
  2. internal carotid artery
  3. common carotid artery
  4. internal jugular vein
56
Q

URT sensory stim

A

oropharyngeal - CN V
laryngopharyngeal - CN IX
laryngeal - CN X

57
Q

LRI sensory stim

A

visceral afferent -> pulmonary plexus -> to medulla on vagus

58
Q

vagus through diaphragm

A

on oesophagus

59
Q

jaw muscles

A

(RIGHT)
closing -
masseter /
temporalis \
medial pterygoid |

opening -
lateral pterygoid -

ALL CN V3 (mandibular)

60
Q

CN V3 course

A

pons -> foramen ovale -> jaw muscles + sensory

61
Q

teeth

A

32 total
1+2 - incisor
3 - canine
4+5 - premolars
6+7+8 - molars
(8 = wisdom tooth)

62
Q

salivary glands

A

parotid (front of top teeth)
submandibular (under tongue)
sublingual (base of mouth)

63
Q

oral cavity sense

A

superior half - CN V2
inferior half - CN V3

64
Q

gag reflex nerves

A

sensory - CN IX
motor - CN IX + CN X

65
Q

CN V2 course

A

pons -> foramen rotundum -> sensory area (mid-face)

66
Q

CN IX course

A

medulla -> jugular foramen -> posterior oropharynx (sensory) + parotid glands (secretomotor) + posterior 1/3 tongue (sense + taste)

67
Q

tongue sense

A

anterior 2/3 - oral cavity
general - CN V3
special - CN VII

posterior 1/3 - NOT oral
general + special - CN IX

68
Q

CN VII course

A

pontomedullary junction -> internal acoustic meatus -> stylomastoid foramen -> anterior 2/3 tongue (taste) + facial expression muscles + mouth floor glands

69
Q

tongue muscles

A

palatoglossus
styloglossus
hyoglossus
genioglossus

CN XII (NOT palato)

70
Q

CN XII course

A

medulla -> hypoglossal canal -> tongue muscles

71
Q

pharynx nerves

A

external layer - CN X
inner layer - CN X + CN IX

72
Q

oesophageal spinchters

A

anatomical at C6 - cricopharyngeus

physiological at diaphragm - Z-line mucosa change

73
Q

stomach

A

fundus - superior
cardia - entrance
rugae - folds
pyloric antrum - area before sphincter
pyloric sphincter

greater + lesser curvature
incisura angularis - right angle

74
Q

abdomen regions

A

R/L hypochondrium
epigastric
R/L lumbar
umbilical
R/L inguinal
pubic

75
Q

abdomen linea

A

medial - linea alba
crescent - linea semilunaris

76
Q

abdomen muscles

A

(RIGHT)
external oblique \
internal oblique /
transversus abdominis -

rectus abdominis |
(in rectus sheath)

77
Q

inguinal ligament

A

thickening of EOM
anterior superior iliac spine -> pubic tubercle

78
Q

inguinal canal

A

deep ring - midpoint of ligament
superficial ring - superolateral to pubic tubercle

79
Q

inguinal canal walls

A

anterior - EOM apon + IOM
posterior - transversalis fascia + conjoint tendon

roof - transversalis fascia + IOM and TA apon arches + EOM apon
floor - inguinal ligament

80
Q

intraperitoneal

A

almost completely covered, minimally mobile
EX liver

81
Q

retroperitoneal

A

only on anterior surface
EX pancreas + kidneys

82
Q

w/ a mesentery

A

covered in visceral + wraps around to form double layer, VERY mobile
EX intestines

83
Q

omenta + sacs

A

greater omentum
- greater sac -
lesser omentum
- lesser sac -

communicate through omental foramen

84
Q

peritoneum pouches

A

males -
rectovesical

females -
vesico-uterine
recto-uterine (douglas)

85
Q

abdominal organ devisions

A

foregut - oesophagus -> mid-duodenum
live, gallbladder, spleen, 1/2 pancreas

midgut - mid-duodenum -> 2/3 transverse colon
1/2 pancreas

hindgut - 1/3 transverse colon -> 1/2 anal canal

86
Q

foregut arteries

A

coeliac trunk -
1. left gastric
2. splenic
- L gastro-omental
3. hepatic
- gastro-duodenal
^ R gastro-omental
- R gastric
- R + L hepatic

87
Q

spleen protected by

A

ribs 9-11

88
Q

midgut artery

A

superior mesenteric

89
Q

hindgut artery

A

inferior mesenteric

90
Q

superior + inferior mesenteric anas

A

marginal artery of drummond

91
Q

abdomen venous sys

A

portal + systemic

anas at umbilicus + distal oesophagus + anal canal

92
Q

portal drainage

A

hepatic portal
- splenic
^ inferior mesenteric
- superior mesenteric

93
Q

bilirubin

A

breakdown product of RBC
produced in spleen
used to make bile - liver

94
Q

liver

A

anatomical segments -
right lobe
left lobe
caudate lobe
quadrate lobe
(8 functional segments - each has own supply / drainage)

95
Q

liver recesses

A

above - subphrenic
below - hepatorenal (morison’s pouch)

96
Q

liver ligaments

A

coronary (multiple) - to diaphragm
falciform - anterior ab wall
round - remnants of umbilical vein

97
Q

gallbladder

A

body - neck - cystic duct

cystic artery - branch of R hepatic

98
Q

biliary tree

A

cystic duct + common hepatic (R + L) = bile duct

99
Q

main pancreatic duct

A

+ bile duct = ampulla of vater

drains into 2nd part of duodenum - major duodenal papilla (sphincter of oddi)

100
Q

pancreatic arteries

A

splenic artery
^ pancreatic branches

gastroduodenal
^ superior pancreaticoduodenal

superior mesenteric
^ inferior pancreaticoduodenal

101
Q

small intestine start / end

A

technically not the start. duodenaljejunal flexure

end - ileocaecal junction

102
Q

small intestine mucosa

A

gradually smoother as you move through

folds - plicae circularis

103
Q

L+R paracolic gutters

A

lateral edge of colon + abdominal wall

104
Q

colon

A

teniae coli - bands of thickened SM on colon
haustra - tonic contraction

hepatic + splenic flexures

105
Q

requirements of faecal continence

A
  1. holding area (rectum)
  2. visceral afferent nerves
  3. functioning muscle sphincters
  4. normal cerebral function
106
Q

pelvis

A

greater pelvis
- pelvic inlet -
lesser pelvis

levator ani muscle

107
Q

GI transitions

A

sigmoid -> rectum (anterior to S3)
rectum -> anal canal (anterior to coccyx tip / just before levator ani)

108
Q

levator ani muscles

A

(RIGHT)
iliococcygeus \
pubococcygeus \
puborectalis |

109
Q

anal sphincters

A

internal - SM
superior 2/3
sympathetic nerves
constantly contracted - relax in resp to distension

external - SkM
inferior 2/3
pudenal nerve (S2 / S3 / S4)
voluntarily contracted in resp to distension

110
Q

rectum / anal canal nerve supply

A

symph - T12 - L2
(IM ganglia -> periarterial plexuses)
visceral afferent - S2 - S4 (w/ parasymph)
parasymph - S2 - S4
(pelvic splanchnic)
somatic motor - S2 - S4
(pudenal nerve)

111
Q

pudenal nerve

A

sacral plexus branch
S2 / S3 / S4
enters vis greater + lesser sciatic foramen

can be stretched in labour

112
Q

pectinate line

A

ABOVE
nerves - autonomic
arterial - IM artery
venous - portal (IM vein)
lymph - IM nodes

BELOW
nerves - somatic / pudenal
arterial - internal iliac
venous - sys (internal iliac)
lymph - superficial inguinal

113
Q

pelvic lymph nodes

A

internal iliac (inferior pelvic)
external iliac (superior pelvis + lower limb)
common illiac (both of ^^)
lumbar (from ^)

114
Q

rectal varices vs haemorrhoids

A

varices = portal hypertension (dilated collateral veins)

haemorrhoids = prolapses of venous plexus (raised gen pressure)

115
Q

ischioanal fossae (L+R)

A

filled w/ fat + loose CT
communicate posteriorly
infection = ischioanal abscess

116
Q

herniation requirements

A
  1. structural weakness
  2. increased pressure
117
Q

inguinal hernia

A

weakness = inguinal canal

DIRECT - through ab wall
medial to inferior epigastric
parallel to spermatic chord

INDIRECT - uses canal, lateral to inferior epigastric
within spermatic chord

118
Q

hesselbach’s triangle

A

site for direct inguinal hernia

inferior epigastric artery /
(lateral) rectus abdominis \
inguinal ligament -

119
Q

femoral hernia

A

weakness = myopectineal orifice (in femoral canal)

lateral + inferior ro pubic tubercle

120
Q

abdominal sympth

A

T5 - L2 -> sympathetic chains -> thoracic splanchnic -> synapse at prevertebral ganglia -> periarterial plexuses

121
Q

adrenal gland

A

T10 - L1 -> thoracic splanchnic -> periarterial plexuses -> synapse directly onto cells

122
Q

abdominal parasymph

A

CN X (to distal tnsv colon)
on oesophagus -> periarterial plexuses -> synapse in organ wall ganglia

pelvic splanchnic (S2/3/4)
take over for CN X

123
Q

ab divisions pain

A

foregut - epigastric (T6-T9)
midgut - umbilical (T8-T12)
hindgut - pubic (T10-L2)

124
Q

referred ab pain

A

liver / gallbladder - shoulder tip
stomach - middle back
pancreas - central back

everything else self explanatory

125
Q

extra-hepatic jaundice

A

bile duct obstruction -> backflow into liver -> overspill into blood

126
Q

calot’s triangle

A

anatomical landmark for cholecystectomy (contains cystic artery)

liver -
cystic duct \
common hepatic duct /

127
Q

ERCP

A

investigation used to study biliary tree + pancreas

radiograph images of dye-filled biliary tree

128
Q

lacteals

A

specialised lymph vessels (small intestine)

129
Q

abdomen lymph nodes

A

celiac (foregut)
SM (midgut)
IM (hindgut)
lumbar (kidneys / posterior wall / pelvis / lower limbs)

YEAR 1 (11 decks)

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