Anatomy Flashcards by Isabella Turei

What makes the chemical level of tissue

Atoms combine to form molecules

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How is the cellular level of tissue made

Molecules interact to form cells

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How is the tissue level made

cells that secrete and regulate extracellular material and fluids combine

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The four tissue types are…

Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue and Nervous tissue

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Epithelial tissue includes…

Glands and Epithelia

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The two types of glands in epithelial tissue are…

Exocrine glands and endocrine glands

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The functions of epithelial tissue are…

Provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation and produce specialised secretions

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The three types of connective tissue are…

Connective tissue proper, Fluid connective tissue and supporting connective tissue

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The two types of connective tissue proper are…

Loose and dense

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The two types of fluid connective tissue are…

Blood and Lymph

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The two types of supportive connective tissue are…

Cartilage and bone

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Collagen fibres…

Are the stitchwork that holds us together and forms most organs. It is stiff.

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Elastic fibres…

Provide some movement/flexability in organs

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The three types of muscle tissue are…

Skeletal muscle tissue, cardial muscle tissue and smooth muscle tissue

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Muscle tissue does what…

Contracts to provide movement

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Nervous tissue does what…

Conducts electrical impulses and carries information.

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What does feedback do

React to a situation

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What does feedforward do

Anticipate a situation

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What does the anatomical position look like

Upright, face forwards, feet together, palms face forwards

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Closer to the front

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Posterior

Closer to the back

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Superior

Closer to the head

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Inferior

Closer to the feet

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Medial

Closer to the midline

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Lateral

Further away from the midline (outside the body)

Proximal (used to describe limbs)

Further up limb (closer to trunk)

Distal (used to describe limbs)

Further down limb

Superficial

Closer to the surface (can touch/feel it)

Deep

Further from the surface (can't touch it)

Sagittal Plane

Down the middle (separates left from right)

Coronal

Through the middle (separates front from back)

Transverse

Slices in half (separates top from bottom)

Flexion

Decreases the angle (brings fleshy parts of limbs closer together)

Extension

Increases the angle (fleshy parts of limbs further away)

Hyper-extension

Decreases the angle again (fleshy bits coming closer together again)

Dorsiflexion

Toes up (ankle flexion)

Plantarflexion

Toes down (ankle extension)

Flexion and extension are movements in what plane?

Sagittal Plane

Adduction and abduction are movements in what plane?

Coronal Plane

Abduction

Movement of limbs AWAY (could be spreading fingers apart too)

Adduction

Movement of limbs TOWARDS (could be closing fingers too)

Inversion

Sole of foot faces towards midline

Eversion

Sole of foot faces away from midline

Circumduction

Combination of four movements: Flexion, abduction, extension, adduction. NO ROTATION.

Rotation

Movement of a bone around its axis

Lateral rotation

Rotation outwards (externally)

Medial rotation

Rotation inwards (internal)

Pronation

Palm faces posterior

Supination

Palm faces anterior

What does gross mean in anatomy

BIG

What does sexually dimorphic mean

Different between male and female

What are the functions of the skeleton

Support, Movement, Protection, Storage, Red Blood Cell Formation

What are the two types of bone tissue called

Compact and cancellous

What is the purpose of compact bone

Good at transmitting force in one direction, strong

Where is compact bone found

Found down the shafts and most long bits of the bone

What is the purpose of cancellous bone

Shock absorbing, resists/channels force from multiple directions (it is light and spongy, criss cross pattern takes the force from multiple directions)

Where is cancellous bone found

Often found at the ends of bones

What are the four bone classes

Long, Short, Flat and Irregular

How do you identify long bones

They are longer than they are wide

What are the three sections of long bones

Proximal epiphysis, Diaphysis and Distal epiphysis

What is the medullary cavity?

Where red blood cell formation occurs (inside the bone).

How do you identify short bones

They are close to equal width and length

What is a short bone's main role

Weight bearing from multiple directions (hence they are made of mostly cancellous bone)

What is a long bones main role

Act as levers for movement/Good at facilitating movement

What is a flat bones main role(s)

Muscle attachment and protection

What is a flat bone made of

Mostly compact bone, but some cancellous too

What is an irregular bone

Any bone that doesn't fit into the other three bone categories. They have various shapes and functions.

What are the divisions of the skeleton

Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton

What makes up the axial skeleton

skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral column, sacrum, coccyx.

What makes up the appendicular skeleton

the bones of the limbs

What is the axial skeletons main role

protection of vital organs

what is the appendicular skeletons main role

movement

What are the two sections of the skull

Cranium (vault) and Facial bones

What is the facial bones role

To protect and support the sensory organs

What are the divisions of the vertebral column

Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar

How many vertebrae are in the cervical section of the vertebral column

7 (breakfast at 7)

How many vertebrae are in the thoracic section of the vertebral column

12 (lunch at 12)

How many vertebrae are in the lumbar section of the vertebral column

5 (dinner at 5)

What other sections make up the vertebral column

Sacrum and Coccyx

What is the rib cage made of

Ribs and sternum

How many ribs are there

24 Total. 12 on each side. They connect to each vertebrae in the thoracic section

What are the four regions of your limbs

Arm, forearm, thigh, leg (top to bottom)

What are the sections of the hand

Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges

How many carpals are there

How many metacarpals are there

How many phalanges are there

14 (only 2 in the thumb)

What are the sections of the foot called

Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges

How many tarsals are there

How many metatarsals are there

How many phalanges are there

How many hip bones are there

What bones make up the pelvis

Pelvic bones + Sacrum

What are the differences between male and female pelvic anatomy

Females have a more circular pelvic cavity and a wider pelvic outlet