Anatomy Flashcards
What makes the chemical level of tissue
Atoms combine to form molecules
How is the cellular level of tissue made
Molecules interact to form cells
How is the tissue level made
cells that secrete and regulate extracellular material and fluids combine
The four tissue types are…
Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue and Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue includes…
Glands and Epithelia
The two types of glands in epithelial tissue are…
Exocrine glands and endocrine glands
The functions of epithelial tissue are…
Provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation and produce specialised secretions
The three types of connective tissue are…
Connective tissue proper, Fluid connective tissue and supporting connective tissue
The two types of connective tissue proper are…
Loose and dense
The two types of fluid connective tissue are…
Blood and Lymph
The two types of supportive connective tissue are…
Cartilage and bone
Collagen fibres…
Are the stitchwork that holds us together and forms most organs. It is stiff.
Elastic fibres…
Provide some movement/flexability in organs
The three types of muscle tissue are…
Skeletal muscle tissue, cardial muscle tissue and smooth muscle tissue
Muscle tissue does what…
Contracts to provide movement
Nervous tissue does what…
Conducts electrical impulses and carries information.
What does feedback do
React to a situation
What does feedforward do
Anticipate a situation
What does the anatomical position look like
Upright, face forwards, feet together, palms face forwards
Anterior
Closer to the front
Posterior
Closer to the back
Superior
Closer to the head
Inferior
Closer to the feet
Medial
Closer to the midline
Lateral
Further away from the midline (outside the body)
Proximal (used to describe limbs)
Further up limb (closer to trunk)
Distal (used to describe limbs)
Further down limb
Superficial
Closer to the surface (can touch/feel it)
Deep
Further from the surface (can’t touch it)
Sagittal Plane
Down the middle (separates left from right)
Coronal
Through the middle (separates front from back)
Transverse
Slices in half (separates top from bottom)
Flexion
Decreases the angle (brings fleshy parts of limbs closer together)
Extension
Increases the angle (fleshy parts of limbs further away)
Hyper-extension
Decreases the angle again (fleshy bits coming closer together again)
Dorsiflexion
Toes up (ankle flexion)
Plantarflexion
Toes down (ankle extension)
Flexion and extension are movements in what plane?
Sagittal Plane
Adduction and abduction are movements in what plane?
Coronal Plane
Abduction
Movement of limbs AWAY (could be spreading fingers apart too)
Adduction
Movement of limbs TOWARDS (could be closing fingers too)
Inversion
Sole of foot faces towards midline
Eversion
Sole of foot faces away from midline
Circumduction
Combination of four movements: Flexion, abduction, extension, adduction. NO ROTATION.
Rotation
Movement of a bone around its axis
Lateral rotation
Rotation outwards (externally)
Medial rotation
Rotation inwards (internal)
Pronation
Palm faces posterior
Supination
Palm faces anterior
What does gross mean in anatomy
BIG
What does sexually dimorphic mean
Different between male and female
What are the functions of the skeleton
Support, Movement, Protection, Storage, Red Blood Cell Formation
What are the two types of bone tissue called
Compact and cancellous
What is the purpose of compact bone
Good at transmitting force in one direction, strong
Where is compact bone found
Found down the shafts and most long bits of the bone
What is the purpose of cancellous bone
Shock absorbing, resists/channels force from multiple directions (it is light and spongy, criss cross pattern takes the force from multiple directions)
Where is cancellous bone found
Often found at the ends of bones
What are the four bone classes
Long, Short, Flat and Irregular
How do you identify long bones
They are longer than they are wide
What are the three sections of long bones
Proximal epiphysis, Diaphysis and Distal epiphysis
What is the medullary cavity?
Where red blood cell formation occurs (inside the bone).
How do you identify short bones
They are close to equal width and length
What is a short bone’s main role
Weight bearing from multiple directions (hence they are made of mostly cancellous bone)
What is a long bones main role
Act as levers for movement/Good at facilitating movement
What is a flat bones main role(s)
Muscle attachment and protection
What is a flat bone made of
Mostly compact bone, but some cancellous too
What is an irregular bone
Any bone that doesn’t fit into the other three bone categories. They have various shapes and functions.
What are the divisions of the skeleton
Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton
What makes up the axial skeleton
skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral column, sacrum, coccyx.
What makes up the appendicular skeleton
the bones of the limbs
What is the axial skeletons main role
protection of vital organs
what is the appendicular skeletons main role
movement
What are the two sections of the skull
Cranium (vault) and Facial bones
What is the facial bones role
To protect and support the sensory organs
What are the divisions of the vertebral column
Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar
How many vertebrae are in the cervical section of the vertebral column
7 (breakfast at 7)
How many vertebrae are in the thoracic section of the vertebral column
12 (lunch at 12)
How many vertebrae are in the lumbar section of the vertebral column
5 (dinner at 5)
What other sections make up the vertebral column
Sacrum and Coccyx
What is the rib cage made of
Ribs and sternum
How many ribs are there
24 Total. 12 on each side. They connect to each vertebrae in the thoracic section
What are the four regions of your limbs
Arm, forearm, thigh, leg (top to bottom)
What are the sections of the hand
Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges
How many carpals are there
8
How many metacarpals are there
5
How many phalanges are there
14 (only 2 in the thumb)
What are the sections of the foot called
Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges
How many tarsals are there
7
How many metatarsals are there
5
How many phalanges are there
14
How many hip bones are there
2!
What bones make up the pelvis
Pelvic bones + Sacrum
What are the differences between male and female pelvic anatomy
Females have a more circular pelvic cavity and a wider pelvic outlet
