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GastroIntestinal > Anatomy 15 > Flashcards

Anatomy 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the first part of the respiratory tract?

A

Left and right nasal cavities

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2
Q

What does mucosa in the upper part of the nasal cavity contain?

A

Olfactory receptors

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3
Q

What do the axons of the olfactory receptors form?

A

Form the olfactory nerves

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4
Q

What are the left and right nasal cavities separated from each other by?

A

A thin midline septum, formed of cartilage and bone.
When the head is bisected, the septum is seen on one half only

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5
Q

What are the left and right nasal cavities separated from the oral cavity inferiorly by?

A

Hard Palate

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6
Q

What are the left and right nasal cavities separated from the brain superiorly by?

A

Bone

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7
Q

What does the nasal cavity communicate with?

A

Communicates with the nasopharynx posteriorly

The nasal cavity also communicates with the paranasal sinuses, which are cavities within the skull bones

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8
Q

What is the midline nasal septum formed of?

A

Cartilage anteriorly and two thin plates of bone posteriorly

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9
Q

What does the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone form?

A

Forms the superior part of the posterior septum

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10
Q

What does the vomer form?

A

Forms the inferior part of the posterior septum

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11
Q

What does the lateral wall of the nasal cavity bear?

A

3 projections of bone:
Superior
Middle
Inferior conchae (Latin = shell), or turbinates.

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12
Q

What is the space inferior to the turbinates in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Meatuses:
- the superior meatus lies inferior to the superior concha
- the middle meatus lies inferior to the middle concha
- the inferior meatus lies inferior to the inferior concha

● As inspired air travels through the meatuses it is warmed, humidified, and filtered.

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13
Q

What is the nasal cavity separated from the cranium and brain by?

A

The cribriform plate.

The cribriform plate is a delicate section of bone that is perforated with tiny holes (like a sieve)

The axons of olfactory neurones pass through these perforations to form the olfactory nerves, which travel to the brain

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14
Q

Where are olfactory receptors located?

A

In the spheno-ethmoidal recess in the upper nasal cavity, between the superior concha and the cribriform plate.

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15
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

Paranasal sinuses are cavities within the skull bones

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16
Q

Where does the frontal sinus lie?

A

Within the anterior part of the frontal bone

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17
Q

Where do the ethmoid air cells lie?

A

Within the ethmoid bone (superior to the nasal cavity and medial to the orbits)

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18
Q

Where do the sphenoid sinuses lie?

A

Within the sphenoid bone

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19
Q

Where do the maxillary sinuses lie?

A

Within the maxillae of the facial skeleton
The maxillary sinuses lie lateral to the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

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20
Q

What does the frontal sinus drain into?

A

Middle meatus

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21
Q

What does the sphenoid sinus drain into?

A

Spheno-ethmoidal recess

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22
Q

What do the ethmoid air cells drain into?

A

Superior and middle meatuses

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23
Q

What does the maxillary sinus drain into?

A

Middle meatus

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24
Q

Where does the opening of the maxillary sinus into the middle meatus lie?

A

Superomedially, therefore it cannot drain freely when the head is upright

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25
Q

What is the function of the nasolacrimal duct?

A

Drains the fluid (‘tears’) that lubricate the anterior surface of the eye.
The duct opens into the inferior meatus

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26
Q

Why do we get a runny nose when we cry?

A

Because excess fluid runs down the nasolacrimal duct

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27
Q

What is the middle ear?

A

The middle ear is a small cavity within the temporal bone that is modified for hearing (it contains three tiny bones that transmit sound waves to the inner ear).

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28
Q

What is the auditory tube?

A

(Eustachian tube) connects the middle ear to the
nasopharynx.

The opening of the auditory tube can be seen on the lateral
wall of the nasopharynx, surrounded by a slight bulge, which is formed of tonsillar tissue

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29
Q

What does the auditory tube allow to happen?

A

Allows air to pass into the middle ear so that the pressure
on either side of the tympanic membrane (eardrum), which lies between the middle and external ear, is equal.

This is important for optimal conduction of soundwaves.

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30
Q

What is the nasal cavity supplied by?

A

Several arteries, including branches of the maxillary artery, which is a terminal branch of the external carotid artery.

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31
Q

What supplies the nasal septum?

A

An anastomic network, it is often the site of bleeding in a nosebleed (epistaxis)

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32
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the nose via?

A

Via branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V).

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33
Q

What does the palate separate?

A

Separates the nasal cavities from the oral cavity

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34
Q

What is the palate composed of anteriorly?

A

Bone - Hard palate

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35
Q

What is the palate composed of posteriorly?

A

Muscle - Soft palate

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36
Q

What does the palate form?

A

The roof of the oral cavity

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37
Q

What is the hard palate composed of?

A

Composed of two bones:
- the palatine bone of the maxilla
- horizontal plate of the palatine bone

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38
Q

Why is the hard palate functionally important?

A

● it prevents food or fluid entering the nasal cavity
● we push our tongue up against the hard palate during the first phase of swallowing, which forces food and fluid backwards into the oropharynx
● we push our tongue up against the hard palate to articulate certain sounds.

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39
Q

What happens if the palate does not form properly during embryological development?

A

(A cleft palate), causing difficulty with eating, swallowing and speech if not repaired

40
Q

Where does the soft palate lie?

A

Posterior to the hard palate

41
Q

Where is the uvula located?

A

‘Hangs’ from the posterior border of the soft palate and can be seen at the back of the mouth

42
Q

What is the soft palate composed of?

A

Several muscles

43
Q

What happens to the muscles of the soft palate during swallowing?

A

They contract which elevates the soft palate

44
Q

What are the muscles of the soft palate innervated by?

A

Vagus nerve

45
Q

What is the oral cavity bounded superiorly by?

A

Hard and soft palate (the roof of the mouth)

46
Q

What is the oral cavity bounded inferiorly by?

A

Soft tissues and muscles (the floor of the mouth)

47
Q

What is the oral cavity bounded laterally by?

A

Cheeks (which contain the buccinator muscle)

48
Q

What is the oral cavity continuous posteriorly with?

A

The oropharynx

49
Q

What does the oral cavity contain?

A

Tongue
Teeth
Gums
Openings of the salivary glands

50
Q

How many teeth do adults have?

A

32 teeth
- 16 embedded in the maxilla (upper jaw)
- 16 embedded in the mandible

51
Q

What teeth are found in the upper and lower jaws?

A

4 incisors
2 canines
4 premolars
6 molars

52
Q

What are the teeth composed of?

A

● an inner pulp which contains blood vessels and nerves
● dentin which surrounds the pulp
● an outer, hard coating of enamel

53
Q

What can enamel and dentin be eroded by?

A

Eroded by bacteria or foodstuffs (e.g. sugar and acids)

54
Q

What can the erosion of enamel and dentin lead to?

A

Lead to decay, inflammation, and infection of the pulp, which is painful

Infection may spread to the bone, leading to abscess formation

55
Q

What is the tongue essential for?

A

Normal chewing
Swallowing
Speech

56
Q

What does the tongue bear?

A

Papillae on its superior surface, some of which detect taste (‘taste buds’)

57
Q

Where does the anterior part of the tongue lie?

A

In the oral cavity

58
Q

Where does the posterior part of the tongue extend into?

A

Oropharynx

59
Q

What is the vallecula?

A

The space between the posterior tongue and the anterior aspect of the epiglottis

60
Q

What is the tongue composed of?

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles

61
Q

Where are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue located?

A

They lie within the tongue
They are paired bilaterally and fuse in the midline

62
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

They change the shape of the tongue

63
Q

Where are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue located?

A

Attached to the tongue but originate from outside it, from the mandible and hyoid bone

64
Q

What is the function of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

They move the tongue

65
Q

What are the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue innervated by?

A

By the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

66
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the tongue via?

A

3 cranial nerves

67
Q

What nerve is taste in the anterior 2/3 served by?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

68
Q

What nerve is general sensation (touch, pain, temperature) in the anterior two thirds served by?

A

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

69
Q

What nerve is taste and general sensation in the posterior third served by?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).

70
Q

What is the oral cavity supplied by?

A

Lingual, maxillary, and facial arteries,
which are branches of the external carotid artery

71
Q

What are the muscles of the soft palate innervated by?

A

Vagus nerve

72
Q

What is the tongue innervated by?

A

4cranial nerves (CNs V, VII, IX and XII)

73
Q

Where is tonsillar tissue found?

A

Several locations in the nasal and oral cavities

74
Q

Where does the pharyngeal tonsil lie?

A

Lies in the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx (sometimes called the ‘adenoid’)

75
Q

Where is the tubal tonsil located?

A

Surrounds the opening of the auditory tube on the lateral wall of the nasopharynx

76
Q

Where does the palatine tonsil lie?

A

Lies on the lateral wall of the oropharynx.

Usually referred to as ‘the tonsils’, they are visible on either side of the oropharynx when the mouth is open

77
Q

What is the lingual tonsil?

A

Collection of lymphoid tissue in the posterior tongue

78
Q

What is epistaxis?

A

Nosebleeds

79
Q

What do nosebleeds commonly arise due to?

A

Trauma, but they also occur spontaneously

80
Q

How can nosebleeds usually be stopped?

A

By applying pressure

81
Q

What can cause nosebleeds to be profuse?

A

Taking anticoagulants (‘blood thinners’)

82
Q

What can be done to stem nosebleeds if applying pressure doesn’t help?

A

The bleeding vessels can be cauterised, or a nasal tampon can be inserted into the nostril which compresses the
blood vessels inside the nose.

83
Q

What can cause a fracture of the nose?

A

Blunt trauma
The nose may be deviated to one side as a result

84
Q

What can a traumatic blow to the nose fracture?

A

May fracture the cribriform plate and this must be considered in patients with nasal trauma

85
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

Inflammation or infection of the mucosa lining the paranasal sinuses, which is very painful

86
Q

Why is sinusitis affecting the maxillary sinuses problematic?

A

They do not drain freely, unless lying down on one side.

Inflammation of the maxillary sinus may cause pain in the cheek, as the sensory nerve that supplies the cheek runs in the roof of the maxillary sinus

87
Q

How does a cleft palate develop?

A

If the bones of the hard palate do not develop properly or do not fuse in the midline, a cleft remains that allows communication between the nasal and oral cavities.

A cleft palate is surgically repaired.

88
Q

What is hypoglossal nerve palsy?

A

Injury to the left or right hypoglossal nerve results in atrophy (wasting) and weakness or paralysis of the ipsilateral tongue muscles

89
Q

Why does the tongue deviate to the injured side when a patient with hypoglossal nerve palsy protrude their tongue?

A

Because the muscles on the unaffected side continue to function

90
Q

What may mouth cancers present as?

A

May present as ulcers, lumps, or patches of discolouration on the oral mucosa

91
Q

What is tonsillitis?

A

Inflammation of the tonsils
- the palatine tonsils are commonly affected

92
Q

What may be a cause of tonsillitis?

A

Viral or bacterial infection

93
Q

What happens to the tonsils if a patient has tonsillitis?

A

Tonsils become enlarged, red and may be covered in pus which appears as white spots on the surface of the tonsils.

94
Q

If a patient (child) has tonsillitis what other tonsil may also be inflamed and enlarged?

A

Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)

95
Q

What may enlargement of the tonsils obstruct?

A

May obstruct the nearby opening of the auditory tube, which can result in fluid accumulation in the middle ear and hearing impairment

96
Q

What may recurrent infection of the tonsils be managed by?

A

Tonsillectomy - surgical removal of the tonsils

GastroIntestinal (19 decks)

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