ANATOMY Flashcards
mouth
digestion begins in the mouth
teeth
important for physical digestion
salivary glands
produce saliva to begin chemical digestion
tongue
help move food down towards esophagus while swallowing
pharynx
delivers food & liquid to esophagus
epiglottis
prevents choking, and food entering the trachea by separating the airway and esophagus
esophagus
connects the mouth to the stomach
large intestine
absorption of water and minerals occurs here as well as waste removal
small intestine
where digestion of lipids, proteins and carbs occur
appendix
holds good bacteria for body to reboot itself after illness
stomach
site of digestion, 2 sphincters one at beginning and one at end.
liver
detoxifies harmful substances, converts glucose to glycerol and stores it, produces bile which digests fat
gallbladder
stores bile and releases into the duodenum when fat is present
pancreas
produces 1L of pancreatic fluid daily, and insulin. they are then secreted into the duodenum
digestive enzyme in mouth
amylase
macromolecule digested in stomach
pepsin
what gets digested in the small intestine
- carbohydrase – maltase, surcase, and lactase break down the carbohydrates maltose, surcose and lactose into glucose
- trypsin – continues digestion of proteins
- peptidase – breaks down polypeptides (proteins) into amino acids.
- lipase – secreted by pancreas, breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
what is the pH in the stomach, mouth, and small intestine
mouth - 7
stomach - 1-3
small intestine - 8
why does the stomach need to be acidic
to help breakdown food, pepsin exists when acidity comes into contact with it and pepsin helps breakdown foods. if the small was acidic we would get ulcers.
red blood cells
function is to transport O2 and CO2 to the bloodstream. has more room to carry hemoglobin, which increases the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen.
white blood cells
large cells with multilobed nuclei, less numerous than rbc. the number of wbc increases when fighting an infection.
know the pathway of blood
right side has deoxygenated blood and left has oxygenated blood.
electrocardiogram
- first P wave - SA node fires atria contraction
- QRS complex - AV node stimulates ventricles to contract
- final T wave - ventricles relax
- tachycardia - heart exceeds 100 beats per minute
- bradycardia - heart beats very slowly.
what are the physiological causes of high blood pressure?
vessel elasticity
a healthy artery expands and recoils when absorbing the shock of systolic pressure. when a person’s arteries harden, they do not expand as they should, walls of artery experience higher pressure and become weaker and weaker.
blood volume
reduced blood volume (from sweating) decreases pressure
increase blood volume (water retention from too much salt) increases pressure
know structures of respiratory system
nasal cavity - air enters as the nostrils filters for debris through the lining of hair and mucus
pharynx - air enters which opens up to the esophagus and trachea and trachea, mucus and cilia help trap debris
larynx - 2 sheets of thin elastic ligaments (vocal cords) sound is caused by vibrations
trachea - supported by cartilage rings which keeps it open
bronchi - enters 2 bronchi which carry air which then branches off into the bronchioles
alveoli - tiny sacs surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange occurs both O2 and CO2 will move from high to low area
pleural membrane - thin fluid filled membrane that surrounds the outside of the lungs and inner wall of chest cavity.
SA node, AV node, electrical impulses of the heart
sinoatrial node (wall of right atrium)
- stimulates muscle contractions and relaxation rhythmically
- set rate of contractions
- generates electrical impulses
- causes 2 atria to contract which signals the atrioventricular node
atrioventricular node (base of the interatrial septum)
- transmits electrical signal to bundle of those relay to Purkinje fibers which intitates contractions of both ventricles.
peristalsis
wave-like series of involuntary muscular contractions that push food down esophagus.
