ANATOMY

Question 1

mouth

Answer 1

digestion begins in the mouth

Question 2

teeth

Answer 2

important for physical digestion

Question 3

salivary glands

Answer 3

produce saliva to begin chemical digestion

Question 4

tongue

Answer 4

help move food down towards esophagus while swallowing

Question 5

pharynx

Answer 5

delivers food & liquid to esophagus

Question 6

epiglottis

Answer 6

prevents choking, and food entering the trachea by separating the airway and esophagus

Question 7

esophagus

Answer 7

connects the mouth to the stomach

Question 8

large intestine

Answer 8

absorption of water and minerals occurs here as well as waste removal

Question 9

small intestine

Answer 9

where digestion of lipids, proteins and carbs occur

Question 10

appendix

Answer 10

holds good bacteria for body to reboot itself after illness

Question 11

stomach

Answer 11

site of digestion, 2 sphincters one at beginning and one at end.

Question 12

liver

Answer 12

detoxifies harmful substances, converts glucose to glycerol and stores it, produces bile which digests fat

Question 13

gallbladder

Answer 13

stores bile and releases into the duodenum when fat is present

Question 14

pancreas

Answer 14

produces 1L of pancreatic fluid daily, and insulin. they are then secreted into the duodenum

Question 15

digestive enzyme in mouth

Answer 15

amylase

Question 16

macromolecule digested in stomach

Answer 16

pepsin

Question 17

what gets digested in the small intestine

Answer 17

1. carbohydrase – maltase, surcase, and lactase break down the carbohydrates maltose, surcose and lactose into glucose
2. trypsin – continues digestion of proteins
3. peptidase – breaks down polypeptides (proteins) into amino acids.
4. lipase – secreted by pancreas, breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 18

what is the pH in the stomach, mouth, and small intestine

Answer 18

mouth - 7
stomach - 1-3
small intestine - 8

Question 19

why does the stomach need to be acidic

Answer 19

to help breakdown food, pepsin exists when acidity comes into contact with it and pepsin helps breakdown foods. if the small was acidic we would get ulcers.

Question 20

red blood cells

Answer 20

function is to transport O2 and CO2 to the bloodstream. has more room to carry hemoglobin, which increases the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen.

Question 21

white blood cells

Answer 21

large cells with multilobed nuclei, less numerous than rbc. the number of wbc increases when fighting an infection.

Question 22

know the pathway of blood

Answer 22

right side has deoxygenated blood and left has oxygenated blood.

Question 23

electrocardiogram

Answer 23

1. first P wave - SA node fires atria contraction
2. QRS complex - AV node stimulates ventricles to contract
3. final T wave - ventricles relax
4. tachycardia - heart exceeds 100 beats per minute
5. bradycardia - heart beats very slowly.

Question 24

what are the physiological causes of high blood pressure?

Answer 24

vessel elasticity
a healthy artery expands and recoils when absorbing the shock of systolic pressure. when a person’s arteries harden, they do not expand as they should, walls of artery experience higher pressure and become weaker and weaker.

blood volume
reduced blood volume (from sweating) decreases pressure
increase blood volume (water retention from too much salt) increases pressure

Question 25

know structures of respiratory system

Answer 25

nasal cavity - air enters as the nostrils filters for debris through the lining of hair and mucus
pharynx - air enters which opens up to the esophagus and trachea and trachea, mucus and cilia help trap debris
larynx - 2 sheets of thin elastic ligaments (vocal cords) sound is caused by vibrations
trachea - supported by cartilage rings which keeps it open
bronchi - enters 2 bronchi which carry air which then branches off into the bronchioles
alveoli - tiny sacs surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange occurs both O2 and CO2 will move from high to low area
pleural membrane - thin fluid filled membrane that surrounds the outside of the lungs and inner wall of chest cavity.

Question 26

SA node, AV node, electrical impulses of the heart

Answer 26

sinoatrial node (wall of right atrium)
- stimulates muscle contractions and relaxation rhythmically
- set rate of contractions
- generates electrical impulses
- causes 2 atria to contract which signals the atrioventricular node

atrioventricular node (base of the interatrial septum)
- transmits electrical signal to bundle of those relay to Purkinje fibers which intitates contractions of both ventricles.

Question 27

peristalsis

Answer 27

wave-like series of involuntary muscular contractions that push food down esophagus.