ANATOMY Flashcards
Classify the nervous system anatomically
- Central Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System
Classify the nervous system functionally
- Somatic Nervous system
- sensory : conscious (skin and joints)
- motor : voluntary (skeletal muscle) - Visceral Nervous System
- sensory : subconscious (organs) except visceral/referred pain
- motor : involuntary (smooth/ cardiac muscles and glands)
motor visceral nervous system is also known as autonomic nervous system
What are neuroglia cells?
- non-neuronal cells / glia cells
- provide support and perform various functions for the neurons to function optimally
- Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
- Microglia (CNS)
- Astrocytes (CNS)
- Schwann cells (PNS)
- Ependymal cells
OMASE
What are neurons?
- nerve cells
- initiate and conduct electric impulses
- secrete and transmit neurotransmitters
What are the components of CNS?
- brain
- spinal cord
What are the components of PNS?
- 12 pairs of cranial nerves
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves
What makes up the spinal cord
- Grey matter
- dorsal horn
- ventral horn
- lateral horn - white matter
- bundle of nerve fibres - meninges
- pia
- dura
- arachnoid
What are the main parts of the brain?
- Diencephalon (forebrain)
- Cerebrum (forebrain)
- Cerebellum (hind brain)
- Brain stem (hind brain excluding the mid brain)
D CCB
What are the components of the brain stem?
- mid brain
- pons
- medulla oblongata
Function of the brain stem?
- awakeness
- vital centers
ascending/ descending pathways - contains cranial nerve III to XIII
What is the diencephalon?
- midline structure
- large mass of grey matter embedded in the cerebrum
- made up of
1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus
Function of Thalamus?
Function of Hypothalamus
- group of neurons
- below and in front of the thalamus
- linked to pituitary gland
1. endocrine control
2. neurosecretion
3. head ganglion of ANS
4. regulation of food and water intake
5. sexual behaviour and reproduction
6. biological clock
7. part of limbic system
What is the cerebrum?
made up of
1. grey matter : collectional of neuronal bodies
- cortical (cerebral cortex)
- subcortical/ deep
2. white matter: bundle of axons
3. cavities/ ventricles
- cerebrospinal fluid
Function of the cerebellum?
- large part of the hindbrain
- located behind pons and medulla oblongata
- coordinates voluntary movement
- smooth, balance, accuracy - controls
- tone, posture and equilibrium
What is the basal ganglia/ nuclei?
- group of nuclei in the brain situated deep in the cerebrum
- strongly connected with cerebral cortex, thalamus and other areas
- associated with motor control and learning
What is the limbic system
- several structures of brain located near fringes of cerebral cortex
- regulates emotions
- memory
- appetite
- autonomic and neuroendocrine
- smell
Cavities and ventricles in brain and spinal cord?
What is the vertebral column?
- spine
- spinal cord is NOT vertebral column, it stops at L1/L2
- made up of
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
1 sacral vertebrae
1 coccyx vertebrae
What is the vertebral foramen?
gives rise to spinal canal where the spinal cord is located
What is the intervertebral foramen?
where spinal nerves exit the spinal cord
Function of dorsal horn?
sensory functions
Function of the ventral horn?
motor functions (somato-motor)
- influence functions of skeletal muscles
Function of lateral horn
autonomic functions (viscero-motor)
- influence functions of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
- sympathetic
