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BLOCK B > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q
A
  1. Midclavicular line
  2. Acromion process of scapula
  3. Coracoid process of scapula
  4. Manubrium
  5. Body of Sternum
  6. Xiphoid process
  7. Manubriosternal joint (sternal angle) (t4-t5)
  8. Xiphisternal joint (t9)
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2
Q

What is the name of the first milk?

A

Colostrum

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3
Q

Many breasts term
Many nipples term

A

Polymastia = many breasts
Polythelia = many nipples

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4
Q

Which ribs are true ribs? False ribs? Floating ribs? What are other names for them?

A

1-7: true ribs (vertebrocostal)
8-10: false ribs (vertebrochondral)
11-12: floating ribs (free ribs)

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5
Q

How do we name the rib regarding to which vertebrae it is attached to?

A

Head of rib is between two vertebrae.
We name it after the vertebrae that has the transverse process it articulates with at the level of the tubercle.

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6
Q

What is the atypical morphology of ribs 1,2,10,11 and 12?

A

1,2: extra lumps and bumps
1,2: flat shape
1,10,11,12: single facet on head
11,12: no tubercle

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7
Q

Name and characteristics of the joints separating the cartilage from ribs at the vertebrocostal ribs

A

Costochondral joints.
Synchondroses.
Synarthroses.

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8
Q

Name and characteristics of the joints separating the cartilage from sternum at the vertebrocostal ribs

A

Sternocostal joints.
1st = synchondrosis
2-7 = synovial planes (movement)

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9
Q

Name of articulation made of hyaline cartilage

A

Synchondrosis

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10
Q

Name of articulation made of firbous cartilage

A

Symphisis

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11
Q

Name and characteristics of the joints separating the cartilages at the vertebrochondral ribs

A

Interchondral joints.
Synovial plane (but not much movement)

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12
Q

Name of 2 thoracic joints and their characteristics

A
  1. Manubriosternal joint (sternal angle): symphisis, synarthrosis, synostosis
  2. Xiphisternal joint: synchondrosis, synarthrosis, synostosis
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13
Q

Name of joint separating the clavicle from sternum

A

Sternoclavicular joint

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14
Q

Attachments of the diaphragm

A

L1-L3
Inferior thoracic aperture
Central tendon

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15
Q

What passes through the diaphragm and at which spinal levels?

A

I ate 10 eggs at 12

Inferior vena cava: T8 (in central tendon)
Esophagus: T10 (in muscle)
Aorta: T12 (posterior to diaphragm)

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16
Q

3 intercostal muscle types + characteristics?

A

External intercostals: hands in pocket. Inspiration.
Internal intercostals: expiration.
Innermost intercostals: expiration.

They are attached to inferior and superior borders of adjacent ribs and are innervated by intercostal nerves.

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17
Q

Where is the neurovascular bundle found?

A

Between innermost and intercostal muscles.

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18
Q

2 other types of muscles on the thoracic wall + characteristics.

A
  1. Subcostal muscles. Role = decompress the ribs. Superior attachments at the angle of the ribs, and inferior attachment is 2-3 ribs below. Innervation = intercostal nerves.
  2. Transversus thoracis mucles. Role = decompress the ribs. Attachment = posterior surface of inferior sternum, to cartilage of ribs 2-6. Innervation = intercostal nerves.
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19
Q

How are spinal nerves named?

A

C1-C7: according to vertebra below
C8: between C7 and T1
T1-end: according to vertebra above

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20
Q

Which fibers come out of the ventral, and which come out of the dorsal root?

A

Ventral = motor fibres
Dorsal = sensory fibres

21
Q

What forms the intercostal nerves?

A

Anterior rami of T1-T11 = intercostal nerves
Anterior rami of T12 = subcostal nerve

22
Q

What are the 4 key trunk dermatomes?

A

T2 = sternal angle
T4 = nipples
T6 = ziphoid process
T10 = umbilicus

23
Q

What innervates the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerves C3, C4, C5

24
Q

Characteristic of paralysis of ipsilateral diaphragm

A

Paradoxical ascension of paralyzed hemidiaphragm during inspiration.

25
Q

Where does the thoracic blood supply originate?

A

From the subclavian artery, which branches off the aorta. Then, branching:

Subclavian artery >Internal thoracic artery >anterior intercostals + collaterals, musculophrenic artery, superior epigastric artery

Also, posterior intercostal arteries branch off the aorta.

26
Q

4 diphragmatic blood supplies

A

Superior diaphragm:
1. Pericardiacophrenic arteries (branching off internal thoracic)
2. Musculophrenic arteries (branching off internal thoracic)
3. Superior phrenic arteries (branching off aorta)

Inferior diaphragm:
4. Inferior phrenic arteries (branching off abdominal aorta)

27
Q

Venous drainage of the thoracic cage

A

Right side: azygos vein, draining posterior intercostal veins + right subcostal vein.

Left side:
1. Accessory hemiazygos veins, draining left posterior intercostal veins (4-8)
2. Hemiazygos vein, draining left posterior intercostal veins (9-11) + left subcostal vein.

Left side drains into azygos vein, which drains into superior vena cava.

28
Q

Where is the lymphatic circulation dumped back into venous circulation?

A

At the venous angles

29
Q

What separates superior and inferior mediastina?

A

The sternal angle (manubriosternal joint), T4/T5

30
Q

Subdivisions of the pleura + what they cover + embryonic layer origin.

A

Visceral pleura = covers organ = splanchnic mesoderm
Parietal pleura = covers body cavity walls = somatic mesoderm

31
Q

What is endothoracic fascia?

A

CT layer between parietal pleura and thoracic cage.

32
Q

4 parts of the parietal pleura

A
33
Q

Name of the opening in the pleurae for the root of the lung

A

Hilum. That is where the visceral and parietal pleurae are continuous.

34
Q

What are pleural reflections?

A

Lines along which the pleura changes direction

35
Q

What structure keeps the cervical pleura from inverting into the thorax?

A

The suprapleural membrane.

36
Q

What are pleural recesses? Name 2.

A

Spaces in the pleura (pleural cavities) allowing for lung expansion.

  1. Costomediastinal recess
  2. Costodiaphragmatic recess
37
Q

Portions of the nervous system innervating visceral vs parietal pleura

A

Visceral pleura: autonomic nervous system

Parietal pleura: somatic nervous system. Phrenic nerve = mediastinal portion. Intercostal nerves = costal + cervical portion. Diaphragmatic is split between the two.

38
Q

4 types of pneumothorax

A
  1. Open: air enters from outside the body
  2. Closed: air enters from resp tract
  3. Simple: non expanding
  4. Tension: expanding; mediastinal shift towards affected side.
39
Q

3 types of pleural effusions

A
  1. Hemothorax: blood
  2. Hemopneumothroax: blood and air
  3. Chylothorax: chyle

Treatment = drainage.

40
Q

Separations of the two lungs into their lobes + corresponding fissures?

A
41
Q

On which lung is the lingula located?

A

Left, bottom

42
Q

Hilum structures’ order on the left lung and other impressions

A

Pulmonary arteries
Bronchi
Veins

Aorta, esophagus

43
Q

Hilum structures’ order on the right lung and other impressions

A

Azygous vein, superior vena cava and esophagus

44
Q

Separations of left and right primary bronchi and subsequent bronchi

A

Right: 3 secondary bronchi
3
2
5

Left: 2 secondary bronchi
5
5

45
Q

Name of the muscle connecting the C-shape hyaline cartilage ring at the back of the trachea

A

Trachealis (smooth muscle)

46
Q

3 types of “ectomies”

A

Lobectomy
Segmentectomy
Pneumectomy

47
Q

In which primary bronchus is an aspired foreign body most likely to land in?

A

Right primary bronchus: straighter trajectory.

48
Q

What lymphatic duct drains each lung?

A

Right lung: right lymphatic duct
Left lung: thoracic duct

49
Q

Pathway for lymphatic drainage in the lung, starting at the most distal portion.

A

Pulmonary nodes >broncho-pulmonary (hilar) nodes >tracheo-bronchial nodes > para-tracheal nodes >broncho-mediastinal trunks >either right lymphatic or thoracic duct

BLOCK B (3 decks)

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