Anatomy Flashcards
- Midclavicular line
- Acromion process of scapula
- Coracoid process of scapula
- Manubrium
- Body of Sternum
- Xiphoid process
- Manubriosternal joint (sternal angle) (t4-t5)
- Xiphisternal joint (t9)
What is the name of the first milk?
Colostrum
Many breasts term
Many nipples term
Polymastia = many breasts
Polythelia = many nipples
Which ribs are true ribs? False ribs? Floating ribs? What are other names for them?
1-7: true ribs (vertebrocostal)
8-10: false ribs (vertebrochondral)
11-12: floating ribs (free ribs)
How do we name the rib regarding to which vertebrae it is attached to?
Head of rib is between two vertebrae.
We name it after the vertebrae that has the transverse process it articulates with at the level of the tubercle.
What is the atypical morphology of ribs 1,2,10,11 and 12?
1,2: extra lumps and bumps
1,2: flat shape
1,10,11,12: single facet on head
11,12: no tubercle
Name and characteristics of the joints separating the cartilage from ribs at the vertebrocostal ribs
Costochondral joints.
Synchondroses.
Synarthroses.
Name and characteristics of the joints separating the cartilage from sternum at the vertebrocostal ribs
Sternocostal joints.
1st = synchondrosis
2-7 = synovial planes (movement)
Name of articulation made of hyaline cartilage
Synchondrosis
Name of articulation made of firbous cartilage
Symphisis
Name and characteristics of the joints separating the cartilages at the vertebrochondral ribs
Interchondral joints.
Synovial plane (but not much movement)
Name of 2 thoracic joints and their characteristics
- Manubriosternal joint (sternal angle): symphisis, synarthrosis, synostosis
- Xiphisternal joint: synchondrosis, synarthrosis, synostosis
Name of joint separating the clavicle from sternum
Sternoclavicular joint
Attachments of the diaphragm
L1-L3
Inferior thoracic aperture
Central tendon
What passes through the diaphragm and at which spinal levels?
I ate 10 eggs at 12
Inferior vena cava: T8 (in central tendon)
Esophagus: T10 (in muscle)
Aorta: T12 (posterior to diaphragm)
3 intercostal muscle types + characteristics?
External intercostals: hands in pocket. Inspiration.
Internal intercostals: expiration.
Innermost intercostals: expiration.
They are attached to inferior and superior borders of adjacent ribs and are innervated by intercostal nerves.
Where is the neurovascular bundle found?
Between innermost and intercostal muscles.
2 other types of muscles on the thoracic wall + characteristics.
- Subcostal muscles. Role = decompress the ribs. Superior attachments at the angle of the ribs, and inferior attachment is 2-3 ribs below. Innervation = intercostal nerves.
- Transversus thoracis mucles. Role = decompress the ribs. Attachment = posterior surface of inferior sternum, to cartilage of ribs 2-6. Innervation = intercostal nerves.
How are spinal nerves named?
C1-C7: according to vertebra below
C8: between C7 and T1
T1-end: according to vertebra above
Which fibers come out of the ventral, and which come out of the dorsal root?
Ventral = motor fibres
Dorsal = sensory fibres
What forms the intercostal nerves?
Anterior rami of T1-T11 = intercostal nerves
Anterior rami of T12 = subcostal nerve
What are the 4 key trunk dermatomes?
T2 = sternal angle
T4 = nipples
T6 = ziphoid process
T10 = umbilicus
What innervates the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerves C3, C4, C5
Characteristic of paralysis of ipsilateral diaphragm
Paradoxical ascension of paralyzed hemidiaphragm during inspiration.
Where does the thoracic blood supply originate?
From the subclavian artery, which branches off the aorta. Then, branching:
Subclavian artery >Internal thoracic artery >anterior intercostals + collaterals, musculophrenic artery, superior epigastric artery
Also, posterior intercostal arteries branch off the aorta.
4 diphragmatic blood supplies
Superior diaphragm:
1. Pericardiacophrenic arteries (branching off internal thoracic)
2. Musculophrenic arteries (branching off internal thoracic)
3. Superior phrenic arteries (branching off aorta)
Inferior diaphragm:
4. Inferior phrenic arteries (branching off abdominal aorta)
Venous drainage of the thoracic cage
Right side: azygos vein, draining posterior intercostal veins + right subcostal vein.
Left side:
1. Accessory hemiazygos veins, draining left posterior intercostal veins (4-8)
2. Hemiazygos vein, draining left posterior intercostal veins (9-11) + left subcostal vein.
Left side drains into azygos vein, which drains into superior vena cava.
Where is the lymphatic circulation dumped back into venous circulation?
At the venous angles
What separates superior and inferior mediastina?
The sternal angle (manubriosternal joint), T4/T5
Subdivisions of the pleura + what they cover + embryonic layer origin.
Visceral pleura = covers organ = splanchnic mesoderm
Parietal pleura = covers body cavity walls = somatic mesoderm
What is endothoracic fascia?
CT layer between parietal pleura and thoracic cage.
4 parts of the parietal pleura
Name of the opening in the pleurae for the root of the lung
Hilum. That is where the visceral and parietal pleurae are continuous.
What are pleural reflections?
Lines along which the pleura changes direction
What structure keeps the cervical pleura from inverting into the thorax?
The suprapleural membrane.
What are pleural recesses? Name 2.
Spaces in the pleura (pleural cavities) allowing for lung expansion.
- Costomediastinal recess
- Costodiaphragmatic recess
Portions of the nervous system innervating visceral vs parietal pleura
Visceral pleura: autonomic nervous system
Parietal pleura: somatic nervous system. Phrenic nerve = mediastinal portion. Intercostal nerves = costal + cervical portion. Diaphragmatic is split between the two.
4 types of pneumothorax
- Open: air enters from outside the body
- Closed: air enters from resp tract
- Simple: non expanding
- Tension: expanding; mediastinal shift towards affected side.
3 types of pleural effusions
- Hemothorax: blood
- Hemopneumothroax: blood and air
- Chylothorax: chyle
Treatment = drainage.
Separations of the two lungs into their lobes + corresponding fissures?
On which lung is the lingula located?
Left, bottom
Hilum structures’ order on the left lung and other impressions
Pulmonary arteries
Bronchi
Veins
Aorta, esophagus
Hilum structures’ order on the right lung and other impressions
Azygous vein, superior vena cava and esophagus
Separations of left and right primary bronchi and subsequent bronchi
Right: 3 secondary bronchi
3
2
5
Left: 2 secondary bronchi
5
5
Name of the muscle connecting the C-shape hyaline cartilage ring at the back of the trachea
Trachealis (smooth muscle)
3 types of “ectomies”
Lobectomy
Segmentectomy
Pneumectomy
In which primary bronchus is an aspired foreign body most likely to land in?
Right primary bronchus: straighter trajectory.
What lymphatic duct drains each lung?
Right lung: right lymphatic duct
Left lung: thoracic duct
Pathway for lymphatic drainage in the lung, starting at the most distal portion.
Pulmonary nodes >broncho-pulmonary (hilar) nodes >tracheo-bronchial nodes > para-tracheal nodes >broncho-mediastinal trunks >either right lymphatic or thoracic duct
