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Cardiology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the structures that the blood passes through

A

1 HEART - AORTA - ARTERY - ARTERIOLES - CAPILLARY ( gas exchange site ) - VENULES - VEINS - VENA CAVA - HEART

Proccess is repeated.

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2
Q

What are the three layers in veins and arteries?

A

1- Tunica Intima
2- Tunica Media
3- Tunica Adventitia

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3
Q

What are the two types of arteries?

A

1 - Elastic artery
2- Muscular artery

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4
Q

What is the structure and role of the Elastic artery

A
  • Substantial elastic tissue in the tunica media
  • Accommodate high pulsatile forces such as aorta
  • Found in the aorta
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5
Q

What is the structure and role of the muscular artery ?

A
  • Elastic fibres only at the intersection of the intima and media or media and adventitia
  • Alllow contraction (vasoconstriction) and relaxation (vasodilation)
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6
Q

The arch of the aorta is the main blood supply to the head (inc. brain), neck, thorax, and arms.

What are the three major branches of the arch?

A

1- Brachiocephalic artery - Splits into the right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery.
2- Left common carotid artery
3- Left subclavian artery

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7
Q

What are the two main branches of the descending aorta ?

A

1 - The thoracic aorta - above the diaphragm
2 - Abdominal Aorta - Below the diaphram (Starts at T12)

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8
Q

A patient has a tear in their tunica intima of their aorta which has filled with blood, what is this diagnosis?

A

Aortic Dissection

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9
Q

What are the two types of Aortic Dissection classifications?

A

1 - DeBakey
2 - Stanford

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10
Q

Explain the classifications of Aortic Dissections using the Stanford system

A

Type A is any involvement of ascending aorta, this is useful because this requires urgent surgery.

Type B can usually be managed clinically - won’t be spread proximally - this originates AFTER the left subclavian branches.

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11
Q

How much blood is held within the veins at any given time?

A

70- 80%

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12
Q

Why do veins have valves ?

A

Stop back the flow of blood potentially as it moves up the body!

Moving helps contract these and get them to move up.

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13
Q

Where does the superior vena cava drain blood from?

A
  • Drains blood form head (inc. brain) neck, upper limbs and thorax
  • Right and left subclavian vein
  • external and internal jugular
  • veins from left and right brachiocephalic veins
  • Azygos vein
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14
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava drain blood from?

A
  • Drains from the abdomen and lower limbs
  • Veins from abdominal organs
  • Including hepatic portal system
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15
Q

Considering the lymphatic system, where do the left atrium and ventricle drain into?

A

right jugulo-subclavian junction

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16
Q

Where does the sympathetic chain/ trunk lie ?

A

Starts at T1 and ends at L2

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17
Q

What is the vagus nerve

A

a paired crainial nerve - number 10

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18
Q

Where does the right vagus nerve enter the thorax ?

A

Anterior to the Right subclavian artery

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19
Q

Where does the left vagus nerve enter the thorax ?

A

Between left common carotid and left subclavian

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20
Q

What is a cardiac plexus

A

network of nerves supplying the heart

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21
Q

How does the sympathetic innervation of the heart occur?

A

1- CNS spinar chord T1234 has presynaptic neurons that go into the sympathetic chain and become the cervical and thoracic ganglia.
2- These then go on to post sympathetic nerves either cervical splanchnic nerves or thoracic splanchnic nerves.
3- These then go onto the cardiac plexus ( sympathetic innervation of the heart)
4- The sympathetic nervous system releases neurotransmitter noradrenaline which increases HR, conduction rate, and force of contraction by stimulating the AV, SA node and the myocardium.

22
Q

How does parasympathetic innervation of the heart happen?

A

1- The vagus nerve originates in the medulla oblongata.
2- Cervical and Thoracic branches from the vagus nerve.
3- These become the cardiac plexus and innervate the heart.
4- The parasympathetic system releases neurotransmitter acetylcholine which decreases heart rate, conduction rate, and force of contraction.

23
Q

where does the sympathetic chain originate?

A

T1- T4

24
Q

Explain Bachmans Bundle in terms of the cardiac condution system.

A

The SA node from the right atrium sends a signal to the left atrium to ensure they are on the same page.

24
Q

How does the heart innovate pain?

A

When the pain is within the chest it will go back to the visceral sensory neurons, back to the sympathetic neurons, and to the brain to process.

The brain will then send this information back down and present pain within the dermatomes it is related to eg T1- T4.

25
Q

What does the Right coronary artery supply?

A

Right atrium and right ventricle.

26
Q

What does the left circumflex artery supply ?

A

Left atrium and left ventricle

27
Q

What does the left anterior descending artery supply?

A

Supplies the right ventricle, left ventricle and the interventricular septum.

28
Q

What does the left marginal artery supply?

A

Left ventricle

29
Q

What does the right marginal artery supply?

A

The right ventricle and the apex.

30
Q

What coronary artery supplies the SA node ?

A

RCA in 60% of people
Left circumflex in the other 40%

31
Q

What coronary artery is the AV node supplied by?

A

RCA in 90% of people

32
Q

Explain where the ECG leads V1-V6 are looking at the area of the heart.

A

V1-V2 - Right ventricle
V3-V4 - Septum between the ventricles and the anterior wall on the left ventricle.
V5-V6- Anterior and lateral walls of the left ventricle.

33
Q

What is A?

A

Superior vena cava

34
Q

What is B?

A

Pulmonary valve

35
Q

What is C?

A

Right pulmonary artery

36
Q

What is D?

A

Right pulmonary vein

37
Q

What is E?

A

Tricuspid valve

38
Q

What is F ?

A

Chordae tendineae

39
Q

What is G?

A

Inferior vena cava

40
Q

What is H?

A

Descending/thoracic aorta

41
Q

What is I ?

A

Papillary muscle

42
Q

What is J?

A

Bicuspid/Mitral valve

43
Q

What is K?

A

Left pulmonary vein

44
Q

What is L ?

A

Aortic valve

45
Q

What is M?

A

Left pulmonary artery

46
Q

What is N?

A

Left subclavian artery

47
Q

What is O?

A

Left common carotid artery

48
Q

What is P?

A

Left brachiocephalic vein

49
Q

What is Q?

A

Brachiocephalic artery

50
Q

What is R?

A

Right internal jugular vein

51
Q

What is S?

A

Right subclavian vein

Cardiology (18 decks)

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