Anatomy Flashcards
How many cartilaginous C-shaped rings are found in the trachea?
At what level does the trachea end?
16-20 in an adult
T4-T5 in a supine patient
How many bronchopulmonary segments are there in
each lung?
10 on the right
Mnemonic: A PALM Seed Makes Another Little Palm
Apical
Posterior
Anterior
Lateral
Medial
Superior
Medial basal
Anterior basal
Lateral basal
Posterior basal
8-9 on the left
Mnemonic: ASIA ALPS
Apicoposterior
Superior lingular
Inferior lingular
Anterior
Anteromedial basal
Lateral basal
Posterior basal
Superior basal
Which nerves are involved in phonation that may suffer loss of function after a subtotal thyroidectomy?
External branch of superior laryngeal nerve
Tenses the vocal cords, making higher pitched noises
Injury incidence is 2%
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Intrinsic muscles of larynx
Injury incidence up to 14%
Up to 15% of patients have a temporary voice change after thyroidectomy lasting up to a few weeks. This is largely due to oedema and inflammation.
Which is the most frequently damaged nerve in the lower limb?
Common Peroneal Nerve
It is compressed against the head of the fibula in the lithotomy position, particularly in the lateral position
Produces high stepping gait with foot drop
How should you treat a patient with a history of neobladder formation, if they present with a hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis?
Potassium replacement and intravenous bicarbonate
What are the anatomical relations of the spleen?
Posteriorly
- Diaphragm
- Ribs 9-11
Anteriorly
- Stomach
Medially
- Left kidney
- Pancreatic tail
Inferiorly
- Splenic flexure of colon
Describe the blood supply to the spleen
Arterial supply is via tortuous splenic artery and short gastric arteries.
The splenic artery arises from the coeliac axis.
The short gastric arteries arise from the left gastroepiploic artery.
The splenic artery divides at the splenic hilum into segmental branches.
Venous drainage is via the splenic vein which passes posterior to the pancreativc neck and joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the portal vein.
What are the common splenic disorders to be aware of?
Accessory spleen
Splenic artery aneurysm
Hypersplenism
Hyposplensim
What are the causes of splenomegaly?
Infection
- Mononucleosis
- Malaria
- HIV
- Abscess
- Tuberculosis
Neoplasia (benign and malignant)
- Leukaemia
- Lymphomas
- Metastasis
Congestion
- Pre-hepatic: portal or splenic vein thrombosis
- Hepatic: cirrhosis
- Budd Chiari
- Decompensated right heart failure
- Pulmonary or tricuspid valve disease
Overactivity
- Hereditary haemolytic anaemias
- Early sickle cell anaemia
- Acquired haemolytic anaemia
- Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
Immune
- Rheumatoid disease (Felty’s syndrome)
- Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Sarcoidosis
Storage disorders
- Gaucher’s disease
- Niemann–Pick disease
- Mucopolysaccharidoses (e.g. Hurler syndrome)
- Amyloidosis
Where is the trigeminal ganglion?
Lateral to internal carotid artery
Lateral to cavernous sinus
Posterior and superior to foramen oxvale
5cm from the lateral aspect of the head, at the posterior extremity of the zygomatic arch
What structures are most at risk during subclavian central venous line insertion?
Subclavian artery
Pleura
Which roots form the cervical plexus?
Ventral rami of C1-C4
How is the cervical plexus divided?
Deep (motor) and superficial (sensory) parts
Which nerves originate from the superficial cervical plexus?
Lesser occipital
Greater auricular
Supraclavicular
Anterior cervical
The lesser occipital only derives from C2
What muscles are supplied by the axillary nerve?
Teres minor
Deltoid
