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Y2B1 - Endocrine 📕 > Anatomy 🫀 > Flashcards

Anatomy 🫀 Flashcards

1
Q

what do neural crest cells share in?

(concerning the development of face)

A

Neural crest cells share in formation of bones of the face after migration to pharyngeal arches.

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2
Q

Mention some results of embryonic folding

(regarding the upper aspect of the embryo)

A
  • Formation of head fold.
  • Buccopharyngeal membrane is buried at the bottom of
    stomodeum (primitive mouth, located between forebrain
    cranially and primitive heart caudally).
  • In the region between stomodeum and primitive heart, 6 pairs of curved elevations appeared at 4th week to start development of face and neck.
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3
Q

what are the elements of every pharyngeal arch?

A

Each pharyngeal arch has 3 elements:

  • Ectodermal covering.
  • Endodermal lining.
  • Mesenchymal core (invaded by a cranial nerve and aortic arch).
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4
Q

what is the number of pharyngeal grooves between the arches?

A

5 grooves are present between 6 arches internally (pharyngeal
pouches) and externally (pharyngeal clefts).

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5
Q

what happens to the first pharyngeal arch?

A

1st arch divides into 2 prominences on both sides of stomodeum. (maxillary & mandibular)

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6
Q

what happens to the 5th pharyngeal arch?

A

5th arch disappears.

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7
Q

what are the derivatives of pharyngeal clefts?

A
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8
Q

what are the derivatives of pharyngeal pouches?

A
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9
Q

what is the time of develoment of the face?

A

between the 4th and 8th weeks.

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10
Q

what participates in the development of the face?

A
  • Formation of the five facial processes around the stomodeum:

1. The frontonasal process: a median prominence, cranially (It arises from head fold).
2. Two maxillary prominences: one on each side (Dorsal part of first pharyngeal arch).
3. Two mandibular prominences: caudally (Ventral part of first pharyngeal arch).

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11
Q

what are the developmental changes of the frontonasal process? (in development of face)

A
  • The nasal placodes (An oval thickening of the surface ectoderm), develops on each side of the frontonasal process.
  • Each nasal placode becomes invaginated to form a nasal pit with medial and lateral nasal folds.
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12
Q

what are the developmental changes of the maxillary processes? (in development of face)

A

Each proliferates, grows medially pushing the medial nasal folds towards the midline to form intermaxillary segment.

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13
Q

what are the developmental changes of the mandibular processes? (in development of face)

A
  • They fuse with the maxillary process to form the cheek region.
  • They fuse with each other medially to form the lower lip and chin.

“the upper lip consists of 3 parts, the lower lip consist of only 2”

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14
Q

process of fusion of the maxillary processes and the lateral nasal folds

A
  • The maxillary processes grow towards the lateral nasal folds and are separated from them by the nasolacrimal grooves.
  • Later, ectoderm at floor of the nasolacrimal groove proliferates to form nasolacrimal duct.
  • Its upper end dilates to form the lacrimal sac.
  • The maxillary process fuses with the lateral nasal fold for continuity of the side.

Side note: maxillary prominences fuse with:

mandibular prominences: to narrow the stomodeum
medial nasal folds: to complete the formation of upper lip
lateral nasal folds: to form nasolacrimal duct

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15
Q

process of fusion of the maxillary processes and the medial nasal folds

A
  • The two maxillary processes grow in a medial direction and fuse with the two medial nasal folds to form the upper lip (formed of a central philtrum and two lateral parts).
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16
Q

what are the derivatives of the intermaxillary segment?

A

❖ Labial component: Philtrum of upper lip.

❖ Jaw component: Part of the maxilla that bears the upper 4 incisors.

❖ Palatal component: Region of hard palate just posterior to the upper 4 incisors.

❖ Nasal septum.

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17
Q

what forms the muscles of the face? and what innervates them?

A
  • The face, cheeks and lips are invaded by mesenchyme of the second pharyngeal arch.
  • This mesenchyme will give rise to the muscle of the face, which will be innervated by the facial nerve
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18
Q

what is the time of development of the palate? and what are its parts?

A

6th week, primary & secondary

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19
Q

where does the primary palate arise from?

A

the intermaxillary segment.

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20
Q

what represents the primary palate

A

The primary palate is represented by the anterior triangular part of the hard palate.

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21
Q

process of development of the secondary palate

A
  1. Two shelf-like projections arise from the deep aspects of the maxillary prominences called palatal shelves.
  2. Finally, they ascend to attain horizontal position above the tongue.
    - Medially: the shelves approach each other and fuse together in the median plane.
    - Anteriorly: they fused with the margins of the primary palate in a V-shaped manner.
    - Superiorly: they fuse with the nasal septum.
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22
Q

what are the congenital anomalies of the face and palate?

A
  1. Oblique facial cleft
  2. Cleft upper lip
  3. Cleft palate
  4. Microstomia
  5. Macrostomia
  6. Dermoid cyst
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23
Q

what are the features of oblique facial cleft?

A

It extends along the side of the nose to reach the medial angle of the eye.

24
Q

what is the cause of oblique facial cleft?

A

It results from failure of fusion between the maxillary process & the lateral nasal fold.

25
Q

what are the types and causes of cleft upper lip?

A

- Unilateral cleft lip: It is due to failure of fusion between the maxillary prominence & the medial nasal process on one side only.

- Bilateral cleft lip: It is due to failure of fusion between the maxillary prominence & the medial nasal process on both sides.

- Median cleft lip: A rare abnormality is caused by incomplete merging of the two medial nasal prominences in the midline (i.e. the philtrum is absent).

26
Q

what characterizes median cleft lip?

A

Infants with midline clefts are often mentally retarded and have brain abnormalities

27
Q

what is the cause of cleft palate?

A

It is due to failure of fusion between the different segments of the palate

28
Q

what are the types of cleft palate?

A
  • Diagram A: represents normal fusion of the lip and palate.
  • Diagram B: represents a unilateral cleft lip.
  • Diagram C: represents a unilateral cleft lip and alveolus.
  • Diagram D: represents a bilateral cleft lip and alveolus.
  • Diagram E: represents an incomplete (partial) cleft of secondary palate.
  • Diagram F: represents a unilateral complete cleft lip and palate.
29
Q

what is microstomia? and what causes it?

A
  • Small oral orifice.
  • Due to excessive fusion between mandibular and maxillary processes.
30
Q

what is macrostomia and what causes it?

A
  • Wide oral orifice.
  • Due to defective fusion between mandibular and maxillary
    processes.
31
Q

what are dermoid cysts?

A

Skin-lined cysts along line of fusion of face.

32
Q

what is the time of development of the pituitary gland (Hypophysis Cerebri)?

A

4th week.

33
Q

what is the origin of the pituitary gland?

A

Two ectodermal sources

34
Q

process of development of Adenohypophysis

A
  1. Upgrowth diverticulum from roof of stomodeum (Rathke’s pouch).
  2. It grows towards the infundibulum forming a vesicle that is connected to roof of stomodeum by stalk.
  3. The stalk disappears at 2nd month.
  4. Vesicle differentiates into:
    - Anterior wall: Pars distalis
    - Posterior wall: Pars intermedia
    - Pars tuberalis: Wraps around the infundibulum.
  5. The cavity forms cleft.
35
Q

Process of development of Neurohypophysis

A

Downgrowth diverticulum from floor of diencephalon.
- Upper end: remains patent forming the infundibular recess of the 3rd ventricle.
- Upper part: forms pituitary stalk.
- Lower part expands to form pars nervosa.

36
Q

what are the anomalies of the pituitary gland?

A
  1. Aplasia or hypoplasia of the pituitary gland
  2. Pharyngeal pituitary gland
37
Q

what is (aplasia / hypoplasia) of the pituitary gland?

A

The pituitary gland is ill-developed and hypofunction due to non or abnormal development Rathke’s pouch.

38
Q

what is (pharyngeal pituitary gland)?

A

Accessory masses of the anterior lobe tissue develop in the roof of the oropharynx along remnant of the Rathke’s pouch.

39
Q

Development of thyroid gland

A
  • Solid bilobed endodermal mass appears at the site of foramen caecum in adult tongue at 4th week
  • It descends anterior to hyoid bone then thyroid cartilage till it reaches its final position at 7th week
  • It become formed of isthmus & 2 lobes
  • It remain connected to tongue by thyro-glossal duct
  • Para-follicular cells form 5th pharyngeal arch

(thyroid gland has 3 lobes) —-> two main + one from thyro-glossal duct

40
Q

what is the fate of thyro-glossal duct?

A

1. Proximal part: above hyoid bone degenerate

2. Distal part: forms pyramidal lobe & levator glandulae thyrodie

41
Q

movement of thyroid gland

A

Gland move up / down with swallowing due to:

  • Levator glandulae thyrodie connect pyramidal lobe with hyoid bone
  • Pre-tracheal Fascia fix the gland to thyroid, cricoid cartilage
42
Q

extension of thyroid gland

A
  • Oblique line of thyroid cartilage to 5th tracheal ring
  • 5th cervical vertebra to 1st thoracic vertebra
43
Q

what is the arterial supply of the thyroid gland?

A
  • Thyroida ima artery
  • Superior Thyroid artery
  • inferior Thyroid artery
44
Q

compare between superior & inferior thyroid arteries according to:

origin
Association
Ligation
Supply

A
45
Q

venous drainage of thyroid gland

A
  • Superior & middle thyroid: drain into Internal jugular vein
  • Inferior Thyroid: drain into brachiocephalic vein
46
Q

lymphatic drainage of thyroid gland

A

- Upper part: drain into Upper deep Cervical LN

- Lower part: drain into Lower deep Cervical LN

- Isthmus: drain into Pre-tracheal LN

47
Q

what are the relations of the isthmus of thyroid gland?

A

Anterior surface: related to Sterno-hyoid & Sterno- thyroid

Posterior surface: related to Tracheal ring (2,3,4)

Superior border: related to Anastomosis between superior Thyroid arteries

Inferior border: (related to)
1. Anastomosis between inferior Thyroid arteries
2. Inferior thyroid vein
3. Thyroida ima artery

48
Q

what are the relations of the lobes of thyroid gland?

A

Lateral surface: related to Sternomastoid, ,Sterno-hyoid, Sterno-thyroid & Superior Belly of omohyoid

Medial surface: (4 tubes)
1. Upper part: related to Larynx, Pharynx& External Laryngeal nerve
2. Lower part: related to Trachea, Esophagus & Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Posterior surface: related to Carotid sheath with its content

49
Q

development of parathyroid glands

A
  • Superior parathyroid gland develop from 4th pharyngeal pouch
  • Inferior parathyroid gland develop from 3rd pharyngeal pouch
50
Q

what is the site of parathyroid glands?

A

On posterior border of thyroid gland

51
Q

what is the arterial supply of the parathyroid glands?

A

Inferior thyroid artery

52
Q

what is the nerve supply of the parathyroid glands

A

Superior & middle cervical sympathetic ganglion

53
Q

what are the derivatives of pancreatic buds?

A
54
Q

what is the origin of pancreatic ducts?

A
55
Q

what are the anomalies of development of pancreas?

A

Y2B1 - Endocrine 📕 (7 decks)

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