Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Y2B1 - Endocrine 📕 > Anatomy 🫀 > Flashcards

Anatomy 🫀 Flashcards

1
Q

what do neural crest cells share in?

(concerning the development of face)

A

Neural crest cells share in formation of bones of the face after migration to pharyngeal arches.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mention some results of embryonic folding

(regarding the upper aspect of the embryo)

A
  • Formation of head fold.
  • Buccopharyngeal membrane is buried at the bottom of
    stomodeum (primitive mouth, located between forebrain
    cranially and primitive heart caudally).
  • In the region between stomodeum and primitive heart, 6 pairs of curved elevations appeared at 4th week to start development of face and neck.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the elements of every pharyngeal arch?

A

Each pharyngeal arch has 3 elements:

  • Ectodermal covering.
  • Endodermal lining.
  • Mesenchymal core (invaded by a cranial nerve and aortic arch).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the number of pharyngeal grooves between the arches?

A

5 grooves are present between 6 arches internally (pharyngeal
pouches) and externally (pharyngeal clefts).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what happens to the first pharyngeal arch?

A

1st arch divides into 2 prominences on both sides of stomodeum. (maxillary & mandibular)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what happens to the 5th pharyngeal arch?

A

5th arch disappears.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the derivatives of pharyngeal clefts?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the derivatives of pharyngeal pouches?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the time of develoment of the face?

A

between the 4th and 8th weeks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what participates in the development of the face?

A
  • Formation of the five facial processes around the stomodeum:

1. The frontonasal process: a median prominence, cranially (It arises from head fold).
2. Two maxillary prominences: one on each side (Dorsal part of first pharyngeal arch).
3. Two mandibular prominences: caudally (Ventral part of first pharyngeal arch).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the developmental changes of the frontonasal process? (in development of face)

A
  • The nasal placodes (An oval thickening of the surface ectoderm), develops on each side of the frontonasal process.
  • Each nasal placode becomes invaginated to form a nasal pit with medial and lateral nasal folds.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the developmental changes of the maxillary processes? (in development of face)

A

Each proliferates, grows medially pushing the medial nasal folds towards the midline to form intermaxillary segment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the developmental changes of the mandibular processes? (in development of face)

A
  • They fuse with the maxillary process to form the cheek region.
  • They fuse with each other medially to form the lower lip and chin.

“the upper lip consists of 3 parts, the lower lip consist of only 2”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

process of fusion of the maxillary processes and the lateral nasal folds

A
  • The maxillary processes grow towards the lateral nasal folds and are separated from them by the nasolacrimal grooves.
  • Later, ectoderm at floor of the nasolacrimal groove proliferates to form nasolacrimal duct.
  • Its upper end dilates to form the lacrimal sac.
  • The maxillary process fuses with the lateral nasal fold for continuity of the side.

Side note: maxillary prominences fuse with:

mandibular prominences: to narrow the stomodeum
medial nasal folds: to complete the formation of upper lip
lateral nasal folds: to form nasolacrimal duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

process of fusion of the maxillary processes and the medial nasal folds

A
  • The two maxillary processes grow in a medial direction and fuse with the two medial nasal folds to form the upper lip (formed of a central philtrum and two lateral parts).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the derivatives of the intermaxillary segment?

A

❖ Labial component: Philtrum of upper lip.

❖ Jaw component: Part of the maxilla that bears the upper 4 incisors.

❖ Palatal component: Region of hard palate just posterior to the upper 4 incisors.

❖ Nasal septum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what forms the muscles of the face? and what innervates them?

A
  • The face, cheeks and lips are invaded by mesenchyme of the second pharyngeal arch.
  • This mesenchyme will give rise to the muscle of the face, which will be innervated by the facial nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the time of development of the palate? and what are its parts?

A

6th week, primary & secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where does the primary palate arise from?

A

the intermaxillary segment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what represents the primary palate

A

The primary palate is represented by the anterior triangular part of the hard palate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

process of development of the secondary palate

A
  1. Two shelf-like projections arise from the deep aspects of the maxillary prominences called palatal shelves.
  2. Finally, they ascend to attain horizontal position above the tongue.
    - Medially: the shelves approach each other and fuse together in the median plane.
    - Anteriorly: they fused with the margins of the primary palate in a V-shaped manner.
    - Superiorly: they fuse with the nasal septum.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the congenital anomalies of the face and palate?

A
  1. Oblique facial cleft
  2. Cleft upper lip
  3. Cleft palate
  4. Microstomia
  5. Macrostomia
  6. Dermoid cyst
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the features of oblique facial cleft?

A

It extends along the side of the nose to reach the medial angle of the eye.

24
Q

what is the cause of oblique facial cleft?

A

It results from failure of fusion between the maxillary process & the lateral nasal fold.

25
what are the types and causes of cleft upper lip?
***- Unilateral cleft lip:*** It is due to failure of fusion between the **maxillary prominence & the medial nasal** process on **one** side only. ***- Bilateral cleft lip:*** It is due to failure of fusion between the **maxillary prominence & the medial nasal process** on **both** sides. ***- Median cleft lip:*** A **rare** abnormality is caused by **incomplete merging of the two medial nasal prominences** in the midline (i.e. the philtrum is absent).
26
what characterizes median cleft lip?
Infants with midline clefts are often mentally retarded and have brain abnormalities
27
what is the cause of cleft palate?
It is due to failure of fusion between the different segments of the palate
28
what are the types of cleft palate?
- Diagram A: represents normal fusion of the lip and palate. - Diagram B: represents a unilateral cleft lip. - Diagram C: represents a unilateral cleft lip and alveolus. - Diagram D: represents a bilateral cleft lip and alveolus. - Diagram E: represents an incomplete (partial) cleft of secondary palate. - Diagram F: represents a unilateral complete cleft lip and palate.
29
what is microstomia? and what causes it?
- Small oral orifice. - Due to excessive fusion between mandibular and maxillary processes.
30
what is macrostomia and what causes it?
- Wide oral orifice. - Due to defective fusion between mandibular and maxillary processes.
31
what are dermoid cysts?
Skin-lined cysts along line of fusion of face.
32
what is the time of development of the pituitary gland **(Hypophysis Cerebri)**?
4th week.
33
what is the origin of the pituitary gland?
Two ectodermal sources
34
process of development of Adenohypophysis
1. **Upgrowth** diverticulum from roof of stomodeum **(Rathke’s pouch)**. 2. It grows towards the infundibulum forming a vesicle that is connected to roof of stomodeum by stalk. 3. The stalk disappears at 2nd month. 4. Vesicle differentiates into: - Anterior wall: Pars distalis - Posterior wall: Pars intermedia - Pars tuberalis: Wraps around the infundibulum. 5. The cavity forms cleft.
35
Process of development of Neurohypophysis
**Downgrowth diverticulum from floor of diencephalon.** - Upper end: remains patent forming the infundibular recess of the 3rd ventricle. - Upper part: forms pituitary stalk. - Lower part expands to form pars nervosa.
36
what are the anomalies of the pituitary gland?
1. Aplasia or hypoplasia of the pituitary gland 2. Pharyngeal pituitary gland
37
what is **(aplasia / hypoplasia)** of the pituitary gland?
The pituitary gland is ill-developed and hypofunction due to **non or abnormal development Rathke's pouch**.
38
what is **(pharyngeal pituitary gland)**?
**Accessory masses** of the anterior lobe tissue develop in the **roof of the oropharynx along remnant of the Rathke's pouch.**
39
Development of thyroid gland
- Solid bilobed **endodermal** mass appears **at the site of foramen caecum** in adult tongue at **4th week** - It descends **anterior to hyoid bone then thyroid cartilage** till it reaches its **final position at 7th week** - It become formed of isthmus & 2 lobes - It remain connected to tongue by **thyro-glossal duct** - Para-follicular cells form 5th pharyngeal arch ## Footnote **(thyroid gland has 3 lobes) —-> two main + one from thyro-glossal duct**
40
what is the fate of thyro-glossal duct?
**1. Proximal part:** above hyoid bone degenerate **2. Distal part:** forms pyramidal lobe & levator glandulae thyrodie
41
movement of thyroid gland
Gland **move up / down with swallowing** due to: - Levator glandulae thyrodie connect pyramidal lobe with hyoid bone - Pre-tracheal Fascia fix the gland to thyroid, cricoid cartilage
42
extension of thyroid gland
- Oblique line of thyroid cartilage to 5th tracheal ring - 5th cervical vertebra to 1st thoracic vertebra
43
what is the arterial supply of the thyroid gland?
- Thyroida ima artery - Superior Thyroid artery - inferior Thyroid artery
44
compare between superior & inferior thyroid arteries according to: origin Association Ligation Supply
45
venous drainage of thyroid gland
- **Superior & middle thyroid:** drain into Internal jugular vein - **Inferior Thyroid:** drain into brachiocephalic vein
46
lymphatic drainage of thyroid gland
**- Upper part:** drain into Upper deep Cervical LN **- Lower part:** drain into Lower deep Cervical LN **- Isthmus:** drain into Pre-tracheal LN
47
what are the relations of the isthmus of thyroid gland?
**Anterior surface**: related to Sterno-hyoid & Sterno- thyroid **Posterior surface**: related to Tracheal ring (2,3,4) **Superior border**: related to Anastomosis between superior Thyroid arteries **Inferior border**: (related to) 1. Anastomosis between inferior Thyroid arteries 2. Inferior thyroid vein 3. Thyroida ima artery
48
what are the relations of the lobes of thyroid gland?
**Lateral surface**: related to Sternomastoid, ,Sterno-hyoid, Sterno-thyroid & Superior Belly of omohyoid **Medial surface**: **(4 tubes)** 1. Upper part: related to Larynx, Pharynx& External Laryngeal nerve 2. Lower part: related to Trachea, Esophagus & Recurrent laryngeal nerve **Posterior surface**: related to Carotid sheath with its content
49
development of parathyroid glands
- Superior parathyroid gland develop from 4th pharyngeal pouch - Inferior parathyroid gland develop from 3rd pharyngeal pouch
50
what is the site of parathyroid glands?
On posterior border of thyroid gland
51
what is the arterial supply of the parathyroid glands?
Inferior thyroid artery
52
what is the nerve supply of the parathyroid glands
Superior & middle cervical sympathetic ganglion
53
what are the derivatives of pancreatic buds?
54
what is the origin of pancreatic ducts?
55
what are the anomalies of development of pancreas?

Y2B1 - Endocrine 📕 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions