anatomy

Question 1

what is the anterolateral abdominal wall

Answer 1

the muscular wall of the abdomen

Question 2

what does the anterolateral abdominal wall serve purpose for (4 things to mention here)

Answer 2

1) protect the viscera within the abdomen (no protective bones as it would reduce mobility of the trunk)
2) serve as accessory muscles for respiration
3) compress the abdominal contents to increase intra abdominal pressure during coughing, sneezing, defecation and parturition
4) provide movement of the trunk

Question 3

what does the anterolateral abdominal wall consist of

Answer 3

• layers of skin
• connective tissues
• muscle

Question 4

if you cut laterally through the anterolateral abdominal wall what would you cut through

Answer 4

sheet oblique muscles

Question 5

if you cut medially through the anterolateral abdominal wall what would you cut through

Answer 5

rectus abdominis muscle

Question 6

what is an aponeurosis

Answer 6

a term used to describe a tendon that is in the form of a sheet

Question 7

where does the rectus abdominis arise from

Answer 7

the fifth, sixth and seventh costal cartilages

Question 8

where is the rectus abdominis inserted

Answer 8

the pubic crest

Question 9

what is the rectus abdominis separated by

Answer 9

bands of tendons called tendinous intersections
sometimes 3/4
go about halfway through the muscle

Question 10

what is the action of the rectus abdominis muscles

Answer 10

to produce flexion of the lumbar spine
also have a static effect - keep the lumbar spine straight

Question 11

what do the rectus abdominis muscles act in opposition to

Answer 11

erector spinae muscles

Question 12

how are the rectus abdominis muscles enclosed

Answer 12

on the front and back
by tendinous envelope formed by aponeurosis’ of the 3 muscle layers

Question 13

where does the posterior layer of the rectus sheath end and what landmark describes this

Answer 13

3/4s of the way down the muscle - sometimes gradually or abruptly
distinct lower border called the arcuate line

Question 14

where does the anterior layer extend to

Answer 14

all the way from the costal margin to the pubis

Question 15

what is the anterior layer of the rectus attached to

Answer 15

the tendinous intersections

Question 16

what do both anterior and posterior rectus sheath insert into

Answer 16

the dense midline band of tendinous tissue called the linea alba

Question 17

where does the linea alba extend from

Answer 17

the xiphoid process to the pubis

Question 18

what are the 3 flat muscles

Answer 18

transversus abdomnis
internal oblique
external oblique

Question 19

describe transversus abdominis muscles

Answer 19

fibres of transverses all run in the same transverse direction except the low ones which run downwards

Question 20

where do transverse abdominis fibres arise from

Answer 20

inner aspect of the costal margin from the 6th rib to the 12th

Question 21

what happens between the 12th rib and the ilium with transversus

Answer 21

transversus arises from the edge of the thoracolumbar fascia
and below arises from the inner aspect of the iliac crest

Question 22

where do the lowest fibres of transversus arise from

Answer 22

a thickening of the iliopsoas fascia

Question 23

does transversus have a short free lower border

Answer 23

yes

Question 24

where do the muscle fibres of transversus end

Answer 24

broad sheet of tendon, transversus aponeurosis

Question 25

what does the transversus aponeurosis fuse with

Answer 25

the aponeurosis of the overlying internal oblique to form 1 aponeurotic layer

Question 26

where does the internal oblique arise from

Answer 26

thoracolumbar fascia and from the iliac crest

Question 27

where do the lowest fibres of the internal oblique arise from

Answer 27

the thickening of the iliopsoas fascia

Question 28

does the internal oblique have a short free lower border

Answer 28

yes

Question 29

fibres of the internal oblique travel in differing directions, yes or no

Answer 29

at the back (almost running upwards, middle = transverse and towards the end they run downwards)

Question 30

where do the highest fibres of the internal oblique insert

Answer 30

on the lowet 3 ribs

Question 31

where do the remaining fibres of the internal oblique end

Answer 31

in the internal oblique aponeurosis

Question 32

at the edge of the rectus, what divides into 2 layers

Answer 32

the combined aponeurotic layer one passes behind and one in front of the rectus

Question 33

which is the outermost of the 3 flat muscles

Answer 33

the external oblique

Question 34

how are the fibres of the external oblique arranged

Answer 34

they spiral downwards and forwards at the side downwards and medially in front

Question 35

where does the external oblique arise from

Answer 35

a broad area on the outside of the rib from the 12th rib to the 5th rib

Question 36

what does the zig zag line of origin of the external oblique fit in with

Answer 36

the line of origin of serratus anterior

Question 37

where does the anterior part of the external oblique end

Answer 37

in the external oblique aponeurosis

Question 38

what forms the anterior rectus sheath

Answer 38

the aponeurosis of the flat muscles combine

Question 39

does the external oblique have a short free lower border

Answer 39

it acc has both (short = between the 12th rib and the iliac crest) it has a long free lower border between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle (the free lower long border is the inguinal ligament)

Question 40

the part of the E oblique that arises from the 10th to 12th rib inserts where?

Answer 40

inserts along the outer edge of the anterior half of the iliac crest

Question 41

what is the action of all 3 flat muscles contracting

Answer 41

they raise the pressure inside the abdominal cavity

Question 42

what happens when our airway is open

Answer 42

the rise in intraabdominal pressure pushes the diaphragm upwards causing air to leave the lungs

Question 43

what happens when we hold our breath by closing the larynx

Answer 43

the flat muscles provide pressure needed to expel content of rectum, bladder or uterus

Question 44

what happens when flat muscles contract individually

Answer 44

play a part in producing lateral flexion of the lumbar spine and rotation of the thoracic spine

Question 45

what serous membrane lines the abdominal cavity from inside

Answer 45

parietal peritoneum

Question 46

what is beneath the parietal peritoneum

Answer 46

there is a continuous layer of loose connective tissue called iliopsoas fascia

Question 47

what is the iliopsoas fascia called on the inside of the anterior abdominal wall

Answer 47

transversalis fascia

Question 48

what is the inguinal ligament

Answer 48

strong band of tendinous tissue that goes from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle

Question 49

what is between the gap between the inguinal ligament and the underlying bone

Answer 49

femoral vein, artery and nerve medially and the belly of the psoas and iliacus muscles laterally

Question 50

what is the inguinal region

Answer 50

a structure that passes obliquely through the abdominal wall just above the inguinal ligament

Question 51

what is the inguinal ligament

Answer 51

the lowest part of the external oblique aponeurosis

Question 52

what is the inguinal ligament laterally attached to

Answer 52

anterior superior iliac spine

Question 53

what is the inguinal ligament medially attached to

Answer 53

the pubic tubercle

Question 54

what is the lacunar ligament

Answer 54

the triangular shaped extension the lowest fibres of the ligament curling round

Question 55

where do the lowest fibres of the transversus and internal oblique arise from

Answer 55

transversus lowest fibres arise from the thickening of the underlying iliopsoas fascia

Question 56

what is the conjoint tendon and what is it attached to

Answer 56

the tendinous fibres of the transversus and internal oblique arch over and unite to form the flat tendon attached to the pubic crest and pecten

Question 57

opening in the ex oblique aponeurosis is called

Answer 57

the superficial inguinal ring either the spermatic cord or the round ligament passes through

Question 58

inferior and superior crus

Answer 58

fibres below and above the opening of the superficial inguinal ring and are attached to the pubic tubercle and pubic crest