anatomy Flashcards
function of piriformis, gemellus superior, obturator internus, and gemellus inferior?
lateral rotation of thigh and and abduction of the femur
function of quadratus femoris?
lateral rotator of the thigh ONLY
*not an abductor like the rest
gemmelus superior innervation:
nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)
obturator internus innervation:
nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)
piriformis innervation:
nerve to piriformis (S1 and S2)
gemmellus inferior innervation:
nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)
quadratus femoris innervation:
nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)
tensor fasciae lata function:
abducts femur
stabilizes the knee in extension
tensor fasciae lata innervation:
superior gluteal nerve
gluteus maximus function:
hip/thigh extension, abduction and lateral rotator of the thigh, lateral stabilizer of hip/knee
gluteus maximus innervation:
inferior gluteal nerve
gluteus medius/minimus function:
hip abductors, medially rotate thigh
gluteus medius/minimus innervation:
superior gluteal nerve
what is piriformis syndrome?
sciatic nerve protrudes through the piriformis muscle.
sx:
cramp in buttock region
tingling to posterior thigh
pain radiating down post. leg
muscle weakness of lower limb
what causes trochanteric bursitis?
bursal sacs (membrane bound fluid sacs) surrounding the greater trochanter of the femur. bursITIS is inflammation of the sacs
what helps support the pelvis during the swing phase of a normal gait?
gluteus medius and minimus contract and abduct the pelvis on the fixed femur on the OPPOSITE side of the unsupported pelvis
what is a positive Trendelenburg sign?
indicative of superior gluteal artery damage - issues with gluteus medius and minimus
the pelvis on the unsupported side drops when the patient stands on the SIDE OF THE AFFECTED LIMB/PLANTED FOOT
signs: waddling gait
where is the safe injection site of the posterior hip?
upper right (lateral) quadrant, near the highest point of the iliac crest
reason: avoids any major nerves
what are the branches of cutaneous innervation of the gluteal region (innervation to skin)?
superior cluneal
inferior cluneal
medial cluneal
iliohyphogastric
what nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh?
femoral nerve
what nerve innervates the medial compartment of the thigh?
obturator nerve
what nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh, leg, and sole of foot?
sciatic nerve
overall function of posterior compartment of thigh?
extensors of thigh
flexors of the knee
overall function of the anterior compartment of the thigh?
flexors of the thigh
extensors of the knee
overall function of the medial compartment of the thigh?
adductors of the thigh
(exception=adductor magnus)
functions of semintendinosus and semimembranosus:
extend thigh at the hip, flex the leg at the knee
semimembranosus and semitendinosus innervation:
sciatic nerve - tibial branch (post comp)
biceps femoris function:
long head: flex leg at the knee, extend thigh at the hip
short head: flex leg at the knee (origin not near hip joint)
sciatic nerve branches:
tibial (L4-S3)
common fibular (L4-S2)
where does the sciatic nerve exit the pelvis:
typically below the piriformis
separates into branches proximal to popliteal fossa
muscles that border the popliteal fossa:
superior med: semitendinosus, semimembranosus
super lat: biceps femoris
inferior lat: plantaris, lateral head gastrocnemius
inferior med: medial head gastrocnemius
superficial to deep arrangement of popliteal fossa:
tibial nerve (and common fibular)
popliteal vein
popliteal artery
what x2 tendons form the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?
sacrospinous and sacrotuberous
what action does the iliofemoral ligament prevent:
anterior on the femur
prevents hyperextension
what action does the pubofemoral ligament prevent:
attaches to medial femur
prevents hyperabduction
articular surface of the acetabulum
lunate surface
“cup” of the acetabulum
acetabular labrum
external to the articulation
deepens/supports the cup?
name of the ligament inside the acetabular fossa:
ligamentum teres
ligament that is the floor of the acetabulum:
transverse acetabular ligament
3 ligaments that form the acetabulum joint capsule:
ischiofemoral
pubiofemoral
iliofemoral
what arteries form the retinacular branches?
medial and lateral circumflex arteries
supply femoral neck?
which branch supplies the blood to the femoral head?
obturator artery (from internal iliac)
what branches form the cruciate anastomosis?
medial circumflex
lateral circumflex
1st perforating branch of profunda femoris
inferior gluteal artery
what does the medial circumflex artery supply?
mainly the intracapsular region of the femoral neck
underneath the joint ligaments?
damage to what artery can cause avascular necrosis (AVM) of the femoral neck?
ascending branch medial circumflex
intracapsular tronchanteric fractures
inside the capsule ligaments
damages retinacular arteries
compromises blood supply to head
risk of avascular necrosis
extracapsular trochanteric fractures
does not affect the blood supply to the joint
outside of the capsule
result of both extracapsular and intracapsular fractures:
external rotation with some shortening of the leg
tensor fasciae lata origin/insertion
anterior superior iliac spine
iliotibial band
gluteus maximus origin/insertion:
posterior superior iliac crest
iliotibial band, gluteal tuberosity on posterior femoral surface
gluteus medius origin/insertion:
posterior ilium
greater trochanter of femur
gluteus minimus
origin/insertion:
outer surface of ilium (laterally)
greater trochanter
piriformis origin/insertion:
anterior surface of sacrum
medial side of greater trochanter
gemellus superior origin/attachment:
posterior ischial spine
medial greater trochanter/along the length of obturator internus
obturator internus origin/attachment:
anterolateral wall of pelvis (bottom hole)
medial greater trochanter
gemmelus inferior origin/insertion:
upper aspect of ischial tuberosity
inferior surface of obturator internus/medial greater trochanter
quadratus femoris origin/insertion:
lateral aspect of ischium (right above tuberosity)
quadrate tubercle of intertrochanteric crest
semitendinosus origin/insertion:
ischial tuberosity
superior aspect of medial tibial shaft
semimembranosus origin/insertion:
ischial tuberosity
posterior medial tibial condyle
biceps femoris origin/insertion:
long head:
ischial tuberosity
fibula
short head:
upper femur
fibula
