Anatomy

Question 1

Brain

Answer 1

left side: language development, mathematical & learning, capabilities,
sequential thought processes

right side: visual-spatial skills, musical and artistic activities, intuitive abilities.

-Gyrus and the sulcus increase surfaces area, giving us more cells.

Question 2

Gyrus of brain

Answer 2

ridges of brain (plural-gyri)

Question 3

Sulcus of brain

Answer 3

shallow grooves in brain that separate gyri (plural- sulci)

-Lateral, central and parietooccipital sulci divide the brain into lobes

Question 4

fissure

Answer 4

deep groove (sulcus) that separates larger regions of the brain
-Divides cerebrum into 5 lobes

Question 5

four divisions of brain

Answer 5

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brain Stem
Cerebellum

Question 6

Cerebrum

Answer 6

• Largest part of the mature brain
• Five lobes on each hemisphere- frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula
• Consists of two hemispheres connected by the Corpus Callosum (bundles of nerve fibers)
• Has Grey and white matter

Question 7

Grey Matter

Answer 7

Outer region: Cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells
-unmyelinated nerve tissue
-40% of brain 
serves to process info
-fully develops when reach 20s

Question 8

White matter

Answer 8

Inner region: High density of myelinated fibres, axyons

• 60% of brain
• allows communication to and from grey matter areas, and between grey matter and other parts of bodies
• develops through the 20s and peaks middle age

Question 9

Flax Cerebri

Answer 9

dura matter that separates the 2 hemispheres

Question 10

longitudinal fissure

Answer 10

separates Right and left sides

Question 11

transverse fissure

Answer 11

separates cerebrum from cerebellum

Question 12

Frontal Lobe

Answer 12

• ability to recognize future consequences resulting from current actions
• Choose between good and bad actions (or better and best), override
• Suppress socially unacceptable responses
• Motor area of brain
• Where dopamine is produced. So pleasure, happiness, and motivation is found here.

Question 13

Parietal lobe

Answer 13

• Somatosensory area of the brain
  
  • Receives sensory input from one side of the body
• Right parietal lobe receives input from the left side of the body and vice versa

Question 14

occipital lobe

Answer 14

The visual area of the brain

-Right occipital lobe receives information from the left half of the visual field

Question 15

Temporal lobe

Answer 15

• Visual memories
• Processing sensory input
• Comprehending language
• Storing new memories
• Emotion

Question 16

Insula Cortex

Answer 16

Buried deep within the lateral sulcus and covered by portions of temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes

• Consciousness
• Linked to emotion
• Perception, motor control, self-awareness, cognitive functioning, and interpersonal experience

Question 17

Cross section of the cerebrum

Answer 17

• Outer layer : Cerebral cortex: gray matter- Speech, evaluation of stimuli, conscious thinking, control skeletal muscles
• Underlies cerebral cortex: white matter: myelinated axons- connects cerebral hemispheres (corpus callosum), gyri within hemispheres, cerebrum to the spinal cord

Question 18

Basal ganglia or basal Nuclei

Answer 18

gray matter located deep inside the cerebral white matter.
-major regions : the caudate nuclei, the putamen, and the globus pallidus—relays and modifies nerve impulses passing from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. Arm swinging while walking, for example, is controlled here.

Question 19

Diencephalon

Answer 19

Connects cerebrum to brain stem
Consists Of:
Thalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus

Question 20

Thalamus

Answer 20

• Relay center for sensory tracts from the spinal cord to the cerebrum.
• Contains centers for the sensation of pain, temperature, and touch.
• Involved with emotions and alerting or arousal mechanisms.

Question 21

Epithalamus

Answer 21

Pineal gland

Question 22

Hypothalamus

Answer 22

• autonomic control center- blood pressure, rate and force of heart contraction, center for emotional response and behavior
• homeostasis of body temperature
• water balance and thirst
• sleep/wake cycles
• appetite
• sexual arousal
• control of endocrine functioning:
• Acts on the pituitary gland through the release of neurosecretions.

Question 23

Brain Stem

Answer 23

Connects diencephalon to the spinal cord: Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata

• Contains the tracts leaving the brain
• The pathway of all sensory/motor input in and out of the brain
• Contains cardiovascular & respiratory centres, centres for vomiting, coughing, etc.
• Cranial nerves leave the brainstem (smell, vision, motor/sensory function face, mouth and throat, hearing)

Question 24

Midbrain

Answer 24

• Contains ascending and descending tracts to the cerebrum and thalamus.
• Reflex center for eye muscles.
• involved with processing visual and auditory information (connects head movements with visual and auditory stimuli).

Question 25

Pons

Answer 25

- Connects the two halves of the cerebellum. | - Regulates breathing.

Question 26

Medulla oblongata

Answer 26

- Composed of nerve tracts to and from the brain (these tracts cross over left to right and right to left) - May be regarded as an extension of the spinal cord - Almost all of the cranial nerves arise from this region - Contains control centers for many subconscious activities: • Respiratory rate • Heart rate • Arteriole constriction • Swallowing • Hiccupping • Coughing • Sneezing

Question 27

reticular activation system (RAS)

Answer 27

- maintain wakefulness and alertness - filtering out unimportant sensory information - maintaining muscle tone and regulating visceral motor muscles.

Question 28

Cerebellum

Answer 28

- Called small brain - Dorsal to pons and medulla - Two lateral hemispheres, partially separated - Balance, Coordination and Proprioception - Controls and coordinates muscular activity. - Important in equilibrium, posture and movement.

Question 29

limbic system

Answer 29

-imposes an emotional aspect to behaviors, experiences, and memories. pleasure, fear, anger, sorrow, and affection are imparted to events and experiences. • accomplishes this by white matter and gray matter that pervades the diencephalon and encircles the inside border of the cerebrum.

Question 30

Ventricles

Answer 30

Hollow cavities deep inside the brain -Continuous with one another and with central canal of the spinal cord • Lateral ventricles • Third ventricle • Fourth ventricle • Contains choroid plexus, which produces the CSF

Question 31

Spinal Cord

Answer 31

- Transmission of nerve impulses: a white matter of the spinal cord transmit sensory signals from peripheral regions to the brain and transmit motor signals from the brain to peripheral regions. - Spinal reflexes: Neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord integrate incoming sensory information and respond with motor impulses that control muscles (skeletal, smooth, or cardiac) or glands - an extension of brainstem