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Circulation and Breathing > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

where is the sternal angle

what is its significance

A

marks where 2nd rib articulates with sternum

very useful for counting ribs!

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2
Q

where is the infrasternal angle

what is its significance

A

location for compression for CPR

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3
Q

where are the two points ribs articulate with thoracic vertebrae

A
  1. costotransverse joint

2. joint of head of rib

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4
Q

divisions within thoracic cavity

A

left pleural cavity
right pleural cavity
(left and right pleural cavities contain the lungs)

mediastinum
( contains heart, blood vessels, airways (trachea), thorax innervation (vagus n, sympathetic trunk and phrenic nerve), thorax lymphatics (nodes, thoracic duct)

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5
Q

what are the pulmonary cavities lined by?

A

lined by pleurae (double layered membranes)

  • parietal pleura
  • visceral pleura

parietal pleura is sensitive to pain, temperature, touch and pressure (intercostal nerves, phrenic nerve)

visceral pleura is sensitive to stretching only (autonomic nervous system)

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6
Q

recesses formed by the 2 layers of pleura

A

costomediastinal recesses

costodiaphragmatic recesses

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7
Q

which cervical nerves innervate diaphragm?

A

C3,4,5

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8
Q

what are the 3 openings through the diaphragm?

A
  1. caval opening (through central tendon)
  2. oesophageal opening (through muscular part)
  3. aortic opening (through tendinous arch)
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9
Q

what are the three layers of intercostal muscles

A

external intercostal – elevate ribs

internal intercostal – depress ribs

innermost intercostal – depress ribs (probably)

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10
Q

intercostal muscles are innervated by?

A

intercostal nerves

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11
Q

blood supply of intercostal muscles?

A

intercostal arteries and veins

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12
Q

what gives rise to intercostal nerves

where are the intercostal (veins, arteries and) nerves located

A

ventral rami of spinal nerves give rise to intercostal nerves

intercostal vein, artery and nerve usually sit right below rib, in between innermost and internal intercostal muscle, travel through costal groove

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13
Q

arterial blood supply of intercostals

A
  1. from thoracic aorta via posterior intercostal arteries and its lateral cutaneous branches
  2. from subclavian arteries
    via internal thoracic arteries and anterior intercostal arteries
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14
Q

Venous drainage of intercostals

A
  1. posterior intercostal veins and their cutaneous branches
    drain to azygous, hemiazygous and accessory hemiazygous veins

ultimately, azygos vein drains to superior vena cava

  1. anterior intercostal veins drain to internal thoracic vein and subclavian veins
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15
Q

thoracic lymphatics

A

chest wall and parts of mediastinum drain first towards the

  • paravertebral nodes
  • parasternal nodes
  • paramammary nodes

and then to
thoracic duct and
right lymphatic duct

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16
Q

accessory muscles of respiration

A

anterior, middle and posterior scalenus
sternocleidomastoid
pectorals (major and minor)

17
Q

anterior, middle and posterior scalenus

functions and innervations

A

laterally bend the neck
and lift or stabilise ribs 1 and 2

innervation via cervical and brachial plexi (C4-C8)

18
Q

Definition of mediastinum

A

Medial compartment of thoracic cavity

19
Q

Is the mediastinal mobile in chest?

A

Yes

20
Q

What separates the superior and inferior mediastinum

A

Transverse thoracic plane

21
Q

What is in the superior mediastinum

A

Great vessels

  • veins (brachiocephalic veins and SVC) anterior to arteries
  • arteries (arch of aorta and roots of its major branches — brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery)

Related nerves (vagus, phrenic nerves and cardiac plexus of nerves)

Inferior continuation of cervical viscera (trachea, oesophagus) and related nerves (left recurrent laryngeal nerve)

Thoracic duct and lymphatic trunks

Part of thymus

22
Q

What is in posterior mediastinum

A 
Thoracic aorta
Thoracic duct
Lymphatic trunks
Posterior mediastinal lymph nodes
Azygos and hemiazygos veins
Oesophagus and oesophageal nerve plexus
23
Q

What is found in anterior mediastinum (smallest subdivision)

A

Loose connective tissue
Fat
Lymphatic vessels and a few lymph nodes
Branches of internal thoracic vessels

In infants and children, anterior mediastinum contains inferior part of thymus

24
Q

Pericardium

A

Fibroserous membrane that covers heart and beginning of its great vessels

Fibrous pericardium: tough external layer, protect heart against sudden overfilling

Serous pericardium: dual layered (parietal and sudden overfilling)

25
Q

Pericardial effusion

A

Passage of fluid from pericardial capillaries or pus into pericardial cavity

Caused by some inflammatory diseases

26
Q

Mediastinal nerves

A

Right and left phrenic nerves

Right and left vagus nerves

27
Q

Mediastinal lymphatics

A

Mediastinal lymph nodes are found in front of aorta and alongside it

Tracheobronchial nodes are located at bifurcation of trachea, and collect lymph from lungs and heart

28
Q

Position of lungs in thorax

A

Posteriorly, lungs reach below 9th pair of ribs
(Pleura reaches even further, into costodiaphragmatic recess, below 11th pair of ribs

Anteriorly, lungs reach to about 6th pair of ribs
(Pleura to 7th rib pair)

29
Q

How are lungs divided into lobes by

A

Fissures

30
Q

How many lobes are there in the right and left lung respectively

A

Right lung has 3 lobes (superior, middle and inferior lobe)

Left lung has 2 lobes (superior and inferior)

31
Q

What does the root of the lung contain

A

Blood vessels and bronchi entering and leaving the lungs on their mediastinal surface
As well as lymph nodes and neural structures

32
Q

Which main bronchus is foreign material more likely to enter and get lodged in?
Why?

A

Right main bronchus

It is wider, shorter and more vertical than left main bronchus

Circulation and Breathing (6 decks)

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