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MRCS Past Questions Knowledge > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms of cavernous sinus thrombosis

A

proptosis, CN palsies, fever, headache, photophobia,

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2
Q

How do middle ear infections spread?

Nerves surrounding?

A

Through Tegmen Tympani- roof of middle ear
Mastoid air cells

CN7/8

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3
Q

Where does the CNV ganglion lie?

A

Meckels cave

Lateral to cavernous sinus and sella turcica

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4
Q

What is transmitted in foramen rotundum?

A

Maxillary nerve
Emissary veins (from pterygoid plexus to cavernous)
Pterygoid A

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5
Q

Internal acoustic meatus structures?

A

CN 7/8

Labarynthine a

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6
Q

Middle cranial fossa boundaries?

A

Petrous temporal bone and clivus/dorsum sella

Lesser wing of sphenoid and anterior clinoid processes

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7
Q

High grade glioma?

A

Glioblastoma multiforme

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8
Q

Palsy signs of CN3,4,6?

A

Occulomotor- fixed dilated pupil, ptosis, down and out
4- up and out
6- medially

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9
Q

False localising sign?

A

a clinical sign not expected by the underlying pathology- ie. CN6 palsy due to its long intracranial course

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10
Q

Foramen lacerum contents?

A

Covered by connective tissue
Carotid canal- ICA, sympathetic plexus

Pterygoid canal- greater and lesser petrosal, emissary veins

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11
Q

Cerebellar blood supply

What does the basilar artery supply?

A

Blood supply of cerebellum- Ant/post inf cerebellar, sup cerebellar
Basilar artery supplies Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla), cerebellum and occipital lobe

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12
Q

Cranial sinus anatomy

Where does straight sinus lie-

A

between tentorium cerebelli and falx cerebri

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13
Q

What forms the medial aspect of the precentral gyrus?

A

Motor to lower limbs

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14
Q

Signs of MCA infarc

A

contraL homonymous hemianopia, contraL hemiparesis of face and limbs, higher level dsyfunction

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15
Q

What are the papillary muscles and cordae tendinae?

A

papillary muscles attached by chordae tendinae to leaflets- prevent prolapsing of leaflets into the atrium during systole

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16
Q

Azygous drainage?

A

accessory and hemiazygous, formed by right subcostal and lumbar veins
Intercostal veins drain in as well
Drains into SVC

Oesophageal
Tracheal
Bronchial
Pericardial Veins
Right superior phrenic
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17
Q

What injured if stabbed in xiphisternum?

A

dependent on trajectory and length of knife- liver, diaphram, heart, lungs, oesophageus,aorta, IVC

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18
Q

What is the Symphathetic trunk and limits

A

Communicates with anterior spinal nerves by rami communicantes
Nerve roots are T1 to L2/3
Forms plexus up around carotid and down to coccyx

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19
Q

Contents and boarders of posterior mediastinum?

A

DATES

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20
Q

Epithelium of oesophageus?

A

SqCC

Barretts is columnar

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21
Q

Venous drainage of oesophageus?

A

Inferior thyroid
Azygous
Gastric veins-left

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22
Q

Surface markings of Abdo aorta

A

2.5cm above pyloric plane, left lateral of midline

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23
Q

Anterior venous relations of aorta?

A

IVC
Splenic
Left renal

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24
Q

What is the embryology of the pancres?

A

Pancreatic buds from foregut at 5 weeks

Ventral and dorsal buds fuse together after the rotation of the foregut

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25
Are the pancreas and duodenum intraperitoneal?
Sort of Pancreas retro apart from tail Duodenum retro apart from first 2cm
26
Vessels in front and behind D3
SMA and IMA
27
Lesser sac contents and boarders?
Contains fat Superior anterior- stomach, liver, lesser omentum Laterally- lineorenal lig and foramen of winslow Post- pancrease, left kidney, transverse mesocolon/colon, duodenum
28
What is the course of the splenic A?
Coeliac axis Post to stomach In lineorenal lig
29
Surface A of spleen | GB
Posterior ribs 9-11 Inbetween costal margin of 9th rib and lateral rectus sheath
30
What is contained in lineorenal lig?
Tail of pancreas | Splenic a/v
31
Boarders of caudate and quadrate lobs?
Caudate- IVC, superior liver, ligamentum venosus, portal triad Quadrate- portal triad, gall bladder, round liagment
32
What are the peritoneal ligs of the liver?
Falciform Triangular- anterior Coronary- posterior
33
What nerves may be injured in appendicectomy?
Ilioinguinal | Iliohypogastric
34
Which nerve root is affected in L4/5 disc prolapse
L5- transversing | L4 is exiting
35
What are the types of vertebral joints?
Body- type 2 cartillagenous | Facets- synovial
36
What ribs form the costal margin?
Ribs 7-10
37
Nerve supply of EO, IO and rectus?
Intercostal nerves 7-11 | Subcostal nerve
38
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Palatoglossus- CN10, genio/hyo/styloglossus- CN12
39
Blood supply of thyroid?
Sup from ECA/inf thyrocervical trunk/IMA in 10% from aortic arch, Sup, middle to IJV and inf veins to brachiocephalic vein
40
Nerves at risk during thyroidectomy
RLN, SLN | Cervical sympathetic chain
41
Describe Klumpkes and Erbs palsies
Klumpke's- paralysis of intrinsic muscles of the hand, C8/T1 parasthesia, maybe horner's syndrome Erb's palsy- C5-6 upper trunk, waiters tip deformity, shoulder dystocia association Extended elbow, pronation, wrist flexion- biceps, deltoid and brachialis damage
42
What are the ligaments of the odontoid and c spine?
Ligaments of peg (transverse ligament of atlas + apical + alar lig, nuchal (extension of supraspinous, flavum, interspinous)
43
What are the atypical cervical vertebra?
C 1- flatter, no spinous process 2- peg 7- no bifid spinous process- why you can feel it
44
What do you find at C3,4 and 6
C6- pharynx to oesophageus, cricoid cartillage, larynx to trachea, vertebral artery into tranverse foramen, omohyoid crosses carotid C3- hyoid bone C4- carotid artery splits, uppert thyroid cartillage
45
Sensory supply to the ear?
Greater auricular- inferior 2/3 ant and post Lesser occipital Auriculotemporal- CNV CN8 does inner ear CN10 does external canal CN7 does meatus
46
What are the infrahyoid muscles and their nerve supply and actions
Omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid- ansa cervicalis Thyrohyoid- C1 Depress hyoid and larynx- role in swallowing
47
What is subclavian steal syndrome?
reversing of flow in the vertebral artery due to proximal subclavian artery stenosis/compression Neuro and ischaemic symptoms on use of arm
48
Difference between carotid sinus and body
Sinus- C4, contains baroreceptors, superior to division of carotid a, anterior to body Body- Post aspect of bifurcation, Chemoreceptors for PaCO2/PaO2
49
Nerve at carotid artery bifurcation
Hypoglossal
50
Recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies? | Location
Supplies all muscles of the larynx apart from cricothyroid Sensation below vocal cords Right loops round subclavian, left round aorta
51
Parotid gland boundaries
Mastoid to ant tragus to posterior boarder of masseter to 1 cm below angle of mandible 1cm below zygomatic arch
52
Lymphatic drainage of parotid?
Deep and superfiscial LNs of parotid
53
Secretions of submandibular and parotid gland?
Serous- parotid | Mixed serous and mucous- submandibular
54
Where does the trapezius and Serrratus anterior insert?
Traps on spine of scapular | Serratus on medial boarder
55
How is the brachial plexus related to subclavian A and first rib?
C5,6,7 goes ant to brachial a | C8,T1 posterior to Artery and over first rib
56
How to fully ABDuct the shoulder?
Supraspinatus- 15o Middle fibres of deltoid to 90 Ext rotation of scapula- Serratus ant and traps
57
Where is the surgical and anatomical neck of humerus?
Surgical where fractures happen- lower | Anatomical between tubercles- proximal
58
Where does Pec Maj orgiginate and attach?
Origin- clavicular head, sternal head- 1-6 costal cartillages Inserts laterally into anterior humerus
59
Contents of triangular Interval SPace Quadrangular Space
Interval- radial nerve and profunda brachii Triang Space-circumflex scapular AV Quad space- axillary nerve, post circumflex humeral a Boundaries- teres minor super, teres major inf Long head of tricep/humerus
60
Role of brachioradilais?
Flexion at elbow | Wrist extension when semi pronated
61
Intrinsic muscles of the hand
FPL, Oppens pollicis, Abd Pollicis brevis, Lat 2 lumbricals Adductor pollicis, interossei-7, FDM, medial lumbricals, AbdDM, Oppens digiti minimi
62
What attaches to the flexor retinaculum?
Palmaris fascia | Hypo and thenar eminence muscles
63
Where does EDC insert into
extensor expansions of middle/distal phalanxes 2-5, extension of wrist, MCPs and fingers
64
When is grip strength strongest?
In neutral position
65
What forms the deep palmar arch a | What is the blood supply to the scaphoid?
Radial A Palmar and dorsal branches from radial A
66
What is the neuropathy of the nerve under ASIS called?
Meralgia PArasthetica | LAt cutaneous nerve of the thigh
67
Supply of the saphenous and sural nerve?
Saphenous medial aspect of calf and foot | Sural lateral aspect of foot and post calf
68
Femoral A branches?
Genicular artery, Profunda femoris artery, Superficial epigastric, Superficial circumflex iliac, External pudendal
69
Nerve supply of hamstrings?
Bicep femoris short (from linea aspera, long from ilial tuberosity)- tibial nerve Semimem and semitend from CPN
70
Quadratus femoris origin and insertion?
From ilial tuberosity to intertrochanteric crest
71
SHort external rotators of the hip?
Piriformis Obturator externus/internus Gemelli Quad Fem POGO attach into Greater trochanter obturator internus into trochanteric fossa
72
Popliteal LN drainage
Pass up with femoral vein to deep inguinal LNs | Superfiscially with great saphenous vein to superfiscial inguinal LNs
73
Structures behind medial malleolus?
``` Tom- Post tibial tendon Dick- FDL A- post tibial a V- post tibial v N- tibial n H- FHL ```
74
MEdial arch of foot?
Muscular support: Tibialis anterior and posterior, lexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis, and the intrinsic foot muscles Ligamentous support: Spring ligament Bony support: Shape of the bones of the arch. Other: Plantar aponeurosis.
75
Lateral arch of the foot?
Muscular support: Fibularis longus, flexor digitorum longus, and the intrinsic foot muscles. Ligamentous support: Plantar ligaments (in particular the long plantar, short plantar and plantar calcaneonavicular ligaments). Bony support: Shape of the bones of the arch. Other: Plantar aponeurosis.
76
Transverse arch of the foot?
Muscular support: Fibularis longus and tibialis posterior. Ligamentous support: Interosseous ligament Other support: Plantar aponeurosis. Bony support: The wedged shape of the bones of the arch.
77
Layers of the plantar surface of the foot?
``` Skin fat Plantar fascia 1- Abductors of hallux and DM, FDB 2- FDL/FHL, plantar vessles 3- Short flexors- FDM, FHB 4- peroneus longus, tibialis post interossei ```
78
Blood supply to fooot?
Post tibial- medial and lateral plantar a Ant tibal- Dorsalis pedis Peroneal a- lat calcaneal branch Deep plantar arch0 lateral plantar and DP Dorsal venous arch drains into greater and lesser saphenous venous systems
79
Which ligament inserts into base of the 5th metatarsal?
Peroneus tertius and brevis
80
Embryology of parathyroids?
Inferior from 3rd Pharyngeal pouch | Sup from 4th Pharyngeal pouch
81
Muscles supplied by CNIII
``` Levator palpabrae Sup, med, inf rectus Inf Oblique Sphincter pupillae Constrictor Pupillae ```
82
What is the lymphatic drainage of the right and left arm?
Left arm via thoracic duct Right arm, right face, right neck, right upper thorax drains to right lymphatic duct Drains into brachiocephalic vein
83
Surface markings of the lung?
T3 posterior to 6th costal cartillage | Horizontal on right lung- follow 4th rib from anteriorly to where it meets oblique fissure
84
Pancreas scoring system?
``` PaO2<8 Age>55 Neutr- >15 Ca<2 Renal Urea >16 LDH >600 Albumin <32 Sugar >10 ```

MRCS Past Questions Knowledge (6 decks)

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