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MRCS Past Questions Knowledge > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms of cavernous sinus thrombosis

A

proptosis, CN palsies, fever, headache, photophobia,

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2
Q

How do middle ear infections spread?

Nerves surrounding?

A

Through Tegmen Tympani- roof of middle ear
Mastoid air cells

CN7/8

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3
Q

Where does the CNV ganglion lie?

A

Meckels cave

Lateral to cavernous sinus and sella turcica

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4
Q

What is transmitted in foramen rotundum?

A

Maxillary nerve
Emissary veins (from pterygoid plexus to cavernous)
Pterygoid A

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5
Q

Internal acoustic meatus structures?

A

CN 7/8

Labarynthine a

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6
Q

Middle cranial fossa boundaries?

A

Petrous temporal bone and clivus/dorsum sella

Lesser wing of sphenoid and anterior clinoid processes

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7
Q

High grade glioma?

A

Glioblastoma multiforme

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8
Q

Palsy signs of CN3,4,6?

A

Occulomotor- fixed dilated pupil, ptosis, down and out
4- up and out
6- medially

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9
Q

False localising sign?

A

a clinical sign not expected by the underlying pathology- ie. CN6 palsy due to its long intracranial course

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10
Q

Foramen lacerum contents?

A

Covered by connective tissue
Carotid canal- ICA, sympathetic plexus

Pterygoid canal- greater and lesser petrosal, emissary veins

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11
Q

Cerebellar blood supply

What does the basilar artery supply?

A

Blood supply of cerebellum- Ant/post inf cerebellar, sup cerebellar
Basilar artery supplies Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla), cerebellum and occipital lobe

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12
Q

Cranial sinus anatomy

Where does straight sinus lie-

A

between tentorium cerebelli and falx cerebri

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13
Q

What forms the medial aspect of the precentral gyrus?

A

Motor to lower limbs

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14
Q

Signs of MCA infarc

A

contraL homonymous hemianopia, contraL hemiparesis of face and limbs, higher level dsyfunction

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15
Q

What are the papillary muscles and cordae tendinae?

A

papillary muscles attached by chordae tendinae to leaflets- prevent prolapsing of leaflets into the atrium during systole

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16
Q

Azygous drainage?

A

accessory and hemiazygous, formed by right subcostal and lumbar veins
Intercostal veins drain in as well
Drains into SVC

Oesophageal
Tracheal
Bronchial
Pericardial Veins
Right superior phrenic
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17
Q

What injured if stabbed in xiphisternum?

A

dependent on trajectory and length of knife- liver, diaphram, heart, lungs, oesophageus,aorta, IVC

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18
Q

What is the Symphathetic trunk and limits

A

Communicates with anterior spinal nerves by rami communicantes
Nerve roots are T1 to L2/3
Forms plexus up around carotid and down to coccyx

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19
Q

Contents and boarders of posterior mediastinum?

A

DATES

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20
Q

Epithelium of oesophageus?

A

SqCC

Barretts is columnar

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21
Q

Venous drainage of oesophageus?

A

Inferior thyroid
Azygous
Gastric veins-left

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22
Q

Surface markings of Abdo aorta

A

2.5cm above pyloric plane, left lateral of midline

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23
Q

Anterior venous relations of aorta?

A

IVC
Splenic
Left renal

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24
Q

What is the embryology of the pancres?

A

Pancreatic buds from foregut at 5 weeks

Ventral and dorsal buds fuse together after the rotation of the foregut

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25
Q

Are the pancreas and duodenum intraperitoneal?

A

Sort of
Pancreas retro apart from tail
Duodenum retro apart from first 2cm

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26
Q

Vessels in front and behind D3

A

SMA and IMA

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27
Q

Lesser sac contents and boarders?

A

Contains fat
Superior anterior- stomach, liver, lesser omentum
Laterally- lineorenal lig and foramen of winslow
Post- pancrease, left kidney, transverse mesocolon/colon, duodenum

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28
Q

What is the course of the splenic A?

A

Coeliac axis
Post to stomach
In lineorenal lig

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29
Q

Surface A of spleen

GB

A

Posterior ribs 9-11

Inbetween costal margin of 9th rib and lateral rectus sheath

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30
Q

What is contained in lineorenal lig?

A

Tail of pancreas

Splenic a/v

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31
Q

Boarders of caudate and quadrate lobs?

A

Caudate- IVC, superior liver, ligamentum venosus, portal triad

Quadrate- portal triad, gall bladder, round liagment

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32
Q

What are the peritoneal ligs of the liver?

A

Falciform
Triangular- anterior
Coronary- posterior

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33
Q

What nerves may be injured in appendicectomy?

A

Ilioinguinal

Iliohypogastric

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34
Q

Which nerve root is affected in L4/5 disc prolapse

A

L5- transversing

L4 is exiting

35
Q

What are the types of vertebral joints?

A

Body- type 2 cartillagenous

Facets- synovial

36
Q

What ribs form the costal margin?

A

Ribs 7-10

37
Q

Nerve supply of EO, IO and rectus?

A

Intercostal nerves 7-11

Subcostal nerve

38
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Palatoglossus- CN10, genio/hyo/styloglossus- CN12

39
Q

Blood supply of thyroid?

A

Sup from ECA/inf thyrocervical trunk/IMA in 10% from aortic arch, Sup, middle to IJV and inf veins to brachiocephalic vein

40
Q

Nerves at risk during thyroidectomy

A

RLN, SLN

Cervical sympathetic chain

41
Q

Describe Klumpkes and Erbs palsies

A

Klumpke’s- paralysis of intrinsic muscles of the hand, C8/T1 parasthesia, maybe horner’s syndrome
Erb’s palsy- C5-6 upper trunk, waiters tip deformity, shoulder dystocia association
Extended elbow, pronation, wrist flexion- biceps, deltoid and brachialis damage

42
Q

What are the ligaments of the odontoid and c spine?

A

Ligaments of peg (transverse ligament of atlas + apical + alar lig, nuchal (extension of supraspinous, flavum, interspinous)

43
Q

What are the atypical cervical vertebra?

A

C 1- flatter, no spinous process
2- peg
7- no bifid spinous process- why you can feel it

44
Q

What do you find at C3,4 and 6

A

C6- pharynx to oesophageus, cricoid cartillage, larynx to trachea, vertebral artery into tranverse foramen, omohyoid crosses carotid
C3- hyoid bone
C4- carotid artery splits, uppert thyroid cartillage

45
Q

Sensory supply to the ear?

A

Greater auricular- inferior 2/3 ant and post
Lesser occipital
Auriculotemporal- CNV

CN8 does inner ear
CN10 does external canal
CN7 does meatus

46
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscles and their nerve supply and actions

A

Omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid- ansa cervicalis
Thyrohyoid- C1
Depress hyoid and larynx- role in swallowing

47
Q

What is subclavian steal syndrome?

A

reversing of flow in the vertebral artery due to proximal subclavian artery stenosis/compression
Neuro and ischaemic symptoms on use of arm

48
Q

Difference between carotid sinus and body

A

Sinus- C4, contains baroreceptors, superior to division of carotid a, anterior to body
Body- Post aspect of bifurcation, Chemoreceptors for PaCO2/PaO2

49
Q

Nerve at carotid artery bifurcation

A

Hypoglossal

50
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies?

Location

A

Supplies all muscles of the larynx apart from cricothyroid
Sensation below vocal cords
Right loops round subclavian, left round aorta

51
Q

Parotid gland boundaries

A

Mastoid to ant tragus to posterior boarder of masseter to 1 cm below angle of mandible
1cm below zygomatic arch

52
Q

Lymphatic drainage of parotid?

A

Deep and superfiscial LNs of parotid

53
Q

Secretions of submandibular and parotid gland?

A

Serous- parotid

Mixed serous and mucous- submandibular

54
Q

Where does the trapezius and Serrratus anterior insert?

A

Traps on spine of scapular

Serratus on medial boarder

55
Q

How is the brachial plexus related to subclavian A and first rib?

A

C5,6,7 goes ant to brachial a

C8,T1 posterior to Artery and over first rib

56
Q

How to fully ABDuct the shoulder?

A

Supraspinatus- 15o
Middle fibres of deltoid to 90
Ext rotation of scapula- Serratus ant and traps

57
Q

Where is the surgical and anatomical neck of humerus?

A

Surgical where fractures happen- lower

Anatomical between tubercles- proximal

58
Q

Where does Pec Maj orgiginate and attach?

A

Origin- clavicular head, sternal head- 1-6 costal cartillages

Inserts laterally into anterior humerus

59
Q

Contents of triangular Interval
SPace
Quadrangular Space

A

Interval- radial nerve and profunda brachii
Triang Space-circumflex scapular AV
Quad space- axillary nerve, post circumflex humeral a

Boundaries- teres minor super, teres major inf
Long head of tricep/humerus

60
Q

Role of brachioradilais?

A

Flexion at elbow

Wrist extension when semi pronated

61
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the hand

A

FPL, Oppens pollicis, Abd Pollicis brevis, Lat 2 lumbricals

Adductor pollicis, interossei-7, FDM, medial lumbricals, AbdDM, Oppens digiti minimi

62
Q

What attaches to the flexor retinaculum?

A

Palmaris fascia

Hypo and thenar eminence muscles

63
Q

Where does EDC insert into

A

extensor expansions of middle/distal phalanxes 2-5, extension of wrist, MCPs and fingers

64
Q

When is grip strength strongest?

A

In neutral position

65
Q

What forms the deep palmar arch a

What is the blood supply to the scaphoid?

A

Radial A

Palmar and dorsal branches from radial A

66
Q

What is the neuropathy of the nerve under ASIS called?

A

Meralgia PArasthetica

LAt cutaneous nerve of the thigh

67
Q

Supply of the saphenous and sural nerve?

A

Saphenous medial aspect of calf and foot

Sural lateral aspect of foot and post calf

68
Q

Femoral A branches?

A

Genicular artery, Profunda femoris artery, Superficial epigastric, Superficial circumflex iliac, External pudendal

69
Q

Nerve supply of hamstrings?

A

Bicep femoris short (from linea aspera, long from ilial tuberosity)- tibial nerve
Semimem and semitend from CPN

70
Q

Quadratus femoris origin and insertion?

A

From ilial tuberosity to intertrochanteric crest

71
Q

SHort external rotators of the hip?

A

Piriformis
Obturator externus/internus
Gemelli
Quad Fem

POGO attach into Greater trochanter
obturator internus into trochanteric fossa

72
Q

Popliteal LN drainage

A

Pass up with femoral vein to deep inguinal LNs

Superfiscially with great saphenous vein to superfiscial inguinal LNs

73
Q

Structures behind medial malleolus?

A 
Tom- Post tibial tendon
Dick- FDL
A- post tibial a
V- post tibial v
N- tibial n
H- FHL
74
Q

MEdial arch of foot?

A

Muscular support: Tibialis anterior and posterior, lexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis, and the intrinsic foot muscles
Ligamentous support: Spring ligament
Bony support: Shape of the bones of the arch.
Other: Plantar aponeurosis.

75
Q

Lateral arch of the foot?

A

Muscular support: Fibularis longus, flexor digitorum longus, and the intrinsic foot muscles.
Ligamentous support: Plantar ligaments (in particular the long plantar, short plantar and plantar calcaneonavicular ligaments).
Bony support: Shape of the bones of the arch.
Other: Plantar aponeurosis.

76
Q

Transverse arch of the foot?

A

Muscular support: Fibularis longus and tibialis posterior.
Ligamentous support: Interosseous ligament
Other support: Plantar aponeurosis.
Bony support: The wedged shape of the bones of the arch.

77
Q

Layers of the plantar surface of the foot?

A 
Skin fat
Plantar fascia
1- Abductors of hallux and DM, FDB
2- FDL/FHL, plantar vessles
3- Short flexors- FDM, FHB
4- peroneus longus, tibialis post interossei
78
Q

Blood supply to fooot?

A

Post tibial- medial and lateral plantar a
Ant tibal- Dorsalis pedis
Peroneal a- lat calcaneal branch

Deep plantar arch0 lateral plantar and DP

Dorsal venous arch drains into greater and lesser saphenous venous systems

79
Q

Which ligament inserts into base of the 5th metatarsal?

A

Peroneus tertius and brevis

80
Q

Embryology of parathyroids?

A

Inferior from 3rd Pharyngeal pouch

Sup from 4th Pharyngeal pouch

81
Q

Muscles supplied by CNIII

A 
Levator palpabrae
Sup, med, inf rectus
Inf Oblique
Sphincter pupillae
Constrictor Pupillae
82
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the right and left arm?

A

Left arm via thoracic duct
Right arm, right face, right neck, right upper thorax drains to right lymphatic duct
Drains into brachiocephalic vein

83
Q

Surface markings of the lung?

A

T3 posterior to 6th costal cartillage

Horizontal on right lung- follow 4th rib from anteriorly to where it meets oblique fissure

84
Q

Pancreas scoring system?

A 
PaO2<8
Age>55
Neutr- >15
Ca<2
Renal Urea >16
LDH >600
Albumin <32
Sugar >10

MRCS Past Questions Knowledge (6 decks)

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