Anatomy Flashcards
what part of pancreas is intraperitoneal vs retroperitoneal
tail is intraperitoneal
what part of duodenum is intraperitoneal vs retroperitoneal
1st part of duodenum is intraperitoneal
contents of hepatoduodenal ligament
portal vein
common bile duct
proper hepatic artery
if the abdomen continues to bleed after the pringle maneuver, then where is the suspected bleed
IVC or hepatic veins
the arteries/veins that go through the hepatoduodenal ligament are ruled out because this gets clamped in pringle maneuver.
these are: portal vein and proper hepatic artery
interstitial cells of Cajal are responsible for
slow waves of the smooth muscle in the intestines
During pregnancy, a physiologic increase in maternal insulin resistance occurs during the second and third trimesters, largely due to ____________
human placental lactogen (hPL), a peptide hormone secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast.
this allows more glucose to go to the fetus instead of the mother
The S1 sound results from
the closure of the atrioventricular valves at the start of systole
The S2 sound results from
the closing of the semilunar valves at the start of diastole.
femoral nerve innervates what function
the muscles that do flexion of the hip and extension of the knee + sensory innvervatin of the skin on the anterior thigh and medial leg.
(iliacus, sartorius, quads)
injury: knee buckling and loss of patellar reflex
inferior gluteal nerve does what function
extension and external rotation oft he thigh at the hip.
injury: difficulty standing from a seated position
tradelenburg sign occurs from injury to what nerve
superior gluteal nerve
(innervates gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fasciae latae)
auditory information goes to what thalamic nuclei?
medial geniculate body
visual information goes to what thalamic nuclei?
lateral geniculate body
an object in the nasal visual field of the left eye will be transmitted to what nucleus on what side?
the lateral geniculate nucleus/body on the same side
how does blood get out of the portal circulation into systemic circulation?
hepatic vein drains blood from liver/portal circulation into systemic circulation
what are the nerves involved in carotid sinus reflex
The carotid sinus reflex has an afferent limb that arises from the baroreceptors in the sinus and travels to the vagal nucleus and medullary centers via the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve [CN] IX), whereas the efferent limb carries parasympathetic impulses to the sinoatrial (SA) and AV nodes via the vagus nerve (CN X).
why do pregnant women get low hemoglobin and at what point during pregnancy does this happen
Pregnant patients have marked increases in blood plasma volume (by 30%-50%) by week 6 and red blood cell mass (by 20%-30%), which helps improve fetal nutrient delivery while also protecting against excessive blood loss during delivery. Because the expansion of blood plasma volume is greater than the increase in red blood cell mass, pregnant women typically have mildly decreased hemoglobin concentrations (ie, dilutional anemia).
where are goblet cells found in the respiratory system
in the epithelium of the bronchi and larger bronchioles
vs club cells are found in terminal bronchioles
T/F: aminotransferase levels are unchanged in healthy elderly individuals.
TRUE, this is the one parameter of age related liver changes that does not occur.
Elevations in liver enzymes should therefore raise suspicion for undiagnosed hepatic disease or hepatotoxin exposure. Small variations may be seen in bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase levels, but they are generally minimal.
what is the signalling system for ang II at its receptors in arterioles
Angiotensin 2 acts on AT1 receptors found in the endothelium of arterioles throughout the circulation to achieve vasoconstriction. This signalling occurs via a Gq protein, to activate phospholipase C and subsequently increase intracellular calcium.
what is the mechanism of edema in pregnant women (in terms of nml physiologic adaptations)
Despite normal CVP (Central venous pressure), peripheral edema is common in pregnancy due to the increase in plasma volume resulting in decreased blood oncotic pressure; this change encourages leakage of intravascular fluid into dependent peripheral tissue (eg, lower extremities).
what is the mechanism(s) of decreased SVR in pregnancy
increased release of peripheral vasodilators (NO, prostacyclin)
decreased sensitivity to vasoconstrictuors (NE and ang II)
Platelets release what factors to increase their aggregation in the local environment.
thromboxane A2, serotonin, and ADP
they also release thromboplastin, which increases circulating amounts of both thrombin and fibrin.
Platelets release platelet-derived growth factor in order to direct cell movement during wound healing.
Platelets release a growth factor called transforming growth factor-beta, which promotes the deposition of extracellular matrix tissue into a healing wound.
Vascular endothelial growth factor is released by platelets in order to stimulate angiogenesis, or the regrowth of blood vessels.
von Willebrand factor function
stabilizes platelets by forming a bridge between platelets and collagen.
Haptoglobin function
binds circulating hemoglobin and reduces renal excretion of free hemoglobin, preventing tubular injury.
Vitamin K is a cofactor to what enzyme
gamma glutamyl carboxylase (converts coagulation factors in all pathways of coagulation cascade to active form)
what are the levels (by the spine levels) of the main arteries coming of the aorta
- celiac trunk at T12
- renal arteries originate from the lateral surface of the aorta at the level of the L2 (2 kidneys, level 2)
- SMA at L1
- IMA at L3
- bifurcation into common iliac aa. at L4 (bi-FOUR-cates)
type II pneumocytes function
secretion of surfactant and division to replace type I pneumocytes
mn: II is 2 surfaces rubbing up against eachother and the two cells that come from division
uvular deviation is d/t damage to what CN
vagus
What does vWF bind?
collagen and plts (by plt glycoprotein GP1B) to initiate clotting
and factor 8 to protect it (In the absence of vWF, factor VIII is rapidly degraded in the circulation via proteolytic inactivation)
what gets expressed upon binding with vWF
serotonin, calcium
and ADP (triggers adhesion), thrmoboxane A2 –> facilitates expression of GPIIB/IIA (binds fibrin to make mesh)
thromboxane A2 is inhibited by PGI2 and NO
Androgens in the ovary are produced bycells, which are primarily stimulated by . The androgens diffuse to the cells, which are stimulated by ___________ to convert the androgens to estrogens.
Androgens in the ovary are produced by theca cells, which are primarily stimulated by luteinizing hormone (LH). The androgens diffuse to the granulosa cells, which are stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to convert the androgens to estrogens.
Magnocellular neurosecretory cells
what are they
cells in the hypothalamus synthesize and carry oxytocin and vasopressin to the posterior pituitary gland, where they are stored.
Continuous stimulation of the pituitary gonadotropic cells by gonadotropin-releasing hormone would cause accelerated or deccelerated pubertal development
deccelerated
due to suppression of follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone release from pituitary gonadotropic cells.
pulsatile stimulation –> nml pubertal dev.
this is a stain of brain tissue. what are the circuled cells
microglia
cells with elongated, hyperchromatic nuclei (circled in blue) are microglia. Microglia are the resident phagocytes of the central nervous system (CNS), and they migrate to areas of tissue damage to help clear away dead and dying cells. They also release cytokines that stimulate the immune system to respond to the area of injury.
derived from mesoderm (vs neuronal glial cells, which derive from neuroectoderm
derivatives of Neural crest cells (neuroectoderm)
dentine of teeth, skull bones, facial cartilage
leptomeninges (arachnoid and pia), PNS
melanocytes
Adrenal Medulla, enterochromaffin cells
aorticopulmonary septum
what are the derivatives of mesoderm
everything that makes you MOVE
- peritoneal linings (allows sliding motion)
- Bones, muscle, connective tissue up to tracheal cartilage (not including cartilage of the face), dermis
- blood & lymphatics (always moving) + spleen (but not the thymus
- adrenal cortex (salt, sweet, sex)
- kidneys, wall of GI tract (gotta go!)
- proximal vagina (+uterus and fallopian tubes), ovaries, testes
- dura Mater
a/w VACTERL defects
T/F: in the pancreas, epinephrine binding to alpha receptors has greater effect than binding to beta receptors
binding at alpha causes decreased insulin secretion, binding at beta causes increased insulin secretion
alpha effect dominates with epinephrine
Lesions to the lateral geniculate nucleus, would cause ___________ defects.
Lesions to the medial geniculate nucleus would cause difficulties in _____________
Lesions to the lateral geniculate nucleus, part of the thalamic visual pathway, would cause visual field defects.
Lesions to the medial geniculate nucleus, part of the thalamic auditory pathway, would cause difficulties in sound localization.
hemineglect and anosognosia (unawareness of one’s condition) occur due to damage of what cortex?
nondominant (usually right) parietal cortex
pt w/ left-dominant circulation, what artery supplies the AV node?
left circumflex artery.
The right coronary artery gives rise to the AV nodal artery in patients with right-dominant or codominant circulation.
T/F: cardiac ventricle compliance increase is a normal physiologic aging process
FALSE lungs have increased compliance, not the heart (and NOT the chest wall) –> this produces the floppy balloon effect
the opposite happens with the heart –> it stiffens and undergoes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (to make up for decrease in number of cardiomyocytes)
