Anatomy Flashcards
describe nervous tissue
Consists of neurons and their supporting cells (glia) - Control function and allows for rapid communication between different parts of the body - Surrounded by connective tissue coat o Meninges in CNS o Epineurium in PNS Glia: o Astrocytes ▪ Support and ion transport Oligodendrocytes ▪ Produce myelin Microglia ▪ Provide immune surveillance Schwann cells (PNS) ▪ Produce myelin and support axons
What are the 3 types of muscle
smooth- involuntary and striated
Skeletal- voluntary and striated, multinucleated
Cardiac- involuntary and striated, single nuclei and intercalated discs
What are the 3 types of connective tissue
Soft: tendons, ligaments, mesentery, loose, dense regular and dense irregular
Hard: Bone and cartilage: hyaline cartilage, elastic, fibrocartilage
Blood and lymph: extracellular matrix- fibres (collagen, reticular, elastic), ground substance, tissue fluid. Cells- fibroblasts, adipose cells, osteocytes, chondrocytes
What are the 4 basic tissue types?
Epethelium, connective tissue, muscle, nervous
What structures are in the superior mediastinum?
Superior vena cava Brachiocephalic veins Arch of aorta Thoracic duct Trachea Oesophagus Thymus Vagus nerve Left recurrent laryngeal nerve Phrenic nerve
What structures are in the anterior mediastinum?
Thymic remnants
Lymph nodes
Fat
What structures are in the middle mediastinum?
Pericardium Heart Aortic root Arch of azygos vein Main bronchi
What structures are in the posterior mediastinum?
Oesophagus Thoracic aorta Azygos vein Thoracic duct Vagus nerve Sympathetic nerve trunks Splanchnic nerves
What are the retroperitoneal organs?
Suprerenal Aorta and IVC Duodenum (2nd and 3parts) Pancreas except tail Ureter Colon Kidney Eosphagus Rectum
What are the direct branches of the aorta
Right Coronary Left coronary Brachiocephalic artery -> R subclavian and right common carotid Left common carotid Left subclavian artery
What drains into the right lymphatic duct?
lymph from the right upper limb, right side of the thorax and right side of head and neck
azygous vein
unilateral vessel that ascends in the thorax to the right of the vertebral column, carrying deoxygenated blood from the posterior chest and abdominal walls. Arches above the right lung hilum at T4 and drains into the superior vena cava
Where does the left phrenic nerve run
anterior to the lung hilum
Describe the blood supply to the liver
L+R hepatic artery supplies oxygenated blood to the liver from the aorta.
Portal veins delivers nutrients from the stomach, spleen and intestines
Hepatic vein carries deoxygenated blood to the IVC to return back to the heart.
Describe liver lobules
The central hepatic vein is surrounded by portal triads -> portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct
Describe arteries
Tunica intima: endothelial cells
Tunica media: smooth muscle
Tunica adventitia: supporting connective tissue
Describe the histology of the GI tract
Mucosa: epithelium on basal lamina, lamina propria- loose connective tissue. Muscularis mucosa: thin layer of smooth muscle
Submucosa: loose connective tissue
Muscularis externa: 2 thick layers of smooth muscle, inner circular and outer longitudinal layer
Serosa: outer layer of connective tissue
Describe veins
Tunica intima, thin continous tunica medica and a few layers of smooth muscle
Large veins have thick tunica adventitia
Describe venules
Endothelium and pericytes
Describe capillaries
Endothelial cells and a basal lamina
Have pericytes- connective tissue with contractile properties
3 types: continuous, fenestrated and sinusoidal
Describe arterioles
1/2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media and almost no adventitia
What does the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery supply
uncinate process, inferior pancreas and duodenum
What supplies the anterior abdominal wall
epigastric artery
What is the ampulla of vater
where the common bile duct forms the pancreatic duct
What do the sigmoid arteries supply
Descending colon and sigmoid
What does the left colic artery supply
supplies distal 1/3 of transverse colon and descending
What does the right colic artery supply
ascending colon
What does the middle colic artery supply
the transverse colon
What does the illeocecal artery supply
ascending colon, ileum, cecum and appendix
