Anatomy Flashcards
True/False
The respiratory system assists with regulating blood pH, and contains receptors for the sense of smell, filters inspired air, produce sounds, and excrete small amounts of water and heat during exhalation
True
Upper respiratory system includes what?
the nose, pharynx, and associated structures
Lower respiratory system includes what structures?
larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
What are the two parts of the Resp. system by function?
The conducting zone
The respiratory zone
What Zone:
Consists of tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs-the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
Respiratory zone
What Zone?
Consists of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles-that conduct air into the lungs.
The conducting zone
Consist of bone and cartilage covered with skin and lined with mucous membrane. It has two openings called external nares or nostrils.
External nose
Connects to the throat through two openings called the internal nares.
Internal nose
What are the four paranasal sinuses?
What one is the Largest?
a) Frontal
b) Maxillary (largest)
c) Sphenoid
d) Ethmoidal
What do the paranasal sinuses do?
some air circulates in the sinuses and provides resonance, warms and humidifies before going down to the lungs
True/False
Nasolacrimal ducts don’t connect to the internal nose
False.. they do
Functions of what part of the resp system?
a) Filtering, warming, and moistening incoming air.
b) Detecting olfactory (smell) stimuli.
c) Modifying the vibrations of speech sounds.
Nose
Mucus secreted by _____ cells moistens the air and traps dust particles
goblet cells
___ move the dust-laden mucus toward the pharynx, at which point it can be
swallowed or spit out.
Cilia
_____ is a funnel-shaped tube that starts at the internal nares and extends partway down the neck
Pharynx or throat
What functions as a passageway for air and food?
Pharynx or throat
What part of the pharynx?
a) The posterior wall contains the pharyngeal tonsil.
b) Exchanges air with the nasal cavities and receives mucus-dust packages.
c) The cilia of its pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium moves the
mucus- dust packages toward the mouth.
d) Exchanges small amounts of air with the auditory tubes to equalize airpressure between the pharynx and middle ear.
Nasopharynx (upper part)
What part of the pharynx?
a) Opens into the mouth and nasopharynx.
b) Two pairs of tonsils (palatine and lingual tonsils).
Oropharynx (Middle portion)
What part of the pharynx?
Connects with both the esophagus (food tube) and the larynx (voice box)
Laryngopharynx
What part of the Resp System
(a) Is a short tube of cartilage lined by mucous membrane that connects the pharynx with the trachea
(b) It lies in the midline of the neck anterior to the fourth, fifth, and six cervical vertebrae (C4 to C6).
Larynx (voice box)
What structure
- Consists of hyaline cartilage, forms the anterior wall of the larynx.
- Commonly called (Adam’s apple), often larger in males than in females due to the influence of male sex hormones during puberty.
Thyroid cartilage
During swallowing, the pharynx and larynx rise. Elevation of the pharynx widens it to receive food or fluids; elevation of the larynx causes the ______ to move down and form a lid over the larynx, closing it off
epiglottis
What is the large, leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered with
epithelium?
Epiglottis
A ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx and is attached to the first tracheal cartilage
is also a landmark for making an emergency airway (tracheotomy)
Cricoid cartilage
What structure?
Paired cartilage consisting mostly of hyaline cartilage
a) Located above the cricoid cartilage.
b) They attach to the true vocal cords and
pharyngeal muscles.
c) Function in voice production
Arytenoid cartilages
What are the structures of voice production?
False vocal cords (vestibular folds): Upper pair
True vocal cords (vocal folds): Lower pair
What is the tubular passageway for air that is located anterior to the esophagus?
Trachea
What is the shape of the cartilage that faces the esophagus and permits it to expand slightly into the trachea during swallowing
C-Shape
Trachea divides into what?
Left primary bronchus, which goes to the left lung
right primary bronchus, which goes to the
right lung.
On entering the lungs, the primary bronchi divide into…
the secondary bronchi
The secondary bronchi continue to branch, forming smaller bronchi called ________ that divide several times, and ultimately giving rise to smaller _____
tertiary bronchi, bronchioles
(Bronchi/Bronchioles) do not contain cartilage and are further reduced in size to form smaller branches called ________
- Bronchioles
- Terminal Bronchioles
What are the Two Spongy, Cone shaped organs in the thoracic cavity?
Lungs
Pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve enter and exit the lungs with what structures?
The two bronchi
What is the double-layered serous membrane that encloses and protects each lung.
Pleural membrane
What is the outer layer that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity and diaphragm?
Parietal pleura
What is the inner layer that is attached to the lungs?
Visceral pleura
What is the narrow space located between the visceral and parietal pleura which contains a lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes?
Pleural cavity
This is the broad bottom portion of each lung, surface against the diaphragm
Base
The upper end located just above the clavicle extends roughly 4 cm above the first rib into the base of the neck.
Apex
The indentation of the left lung where the heart lies
Cardiac notch
True/False
The right lung is about 10% smaller than the other
False
The left lung is smaller because of the heart
What are the deep grooves which divides the lung into lobes?
Fissures
The left lung has what fissure(s)?
Oblique fissure only
The right lung has what fissure(s)?
Oblique and Horizontal Fissures
What are Respiratory bronchioles
Subdivisions of lobules that are microscopic branches of the terminal bronchioles.
respiratory bronchioles are subdivided into….
Alveolar ducts
What are two or more alveoli that share a common opening to the alveolar duct?
Alveolar sacs
What are the main sites of gas exchange in the lungs?
Alveoli
What is the mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse?
also keeps the surface between the cells and the air moist
Surfactant
