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Lower GI AAU > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

• Small & large intestine has 4 layers mention them ?

A

Peritoneal , Muscular , Submucosal , Mucosal

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2
Q

The Small intestine Has Three Parts

A

Duodenum , Jejunum , Ileum

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3
Q

The jejunum and ileum measure about ?

A

20 ft (6 m) long

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4
Q

The coils of jejunum and ileum are freely mobile and are attached to the posterior abdominal wall by ?

A

fan-shaped fold of peritoneum known as the mesentery of the small intestine

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5
Q

Contents of the mesentery of small intestine (3)

A

The branches of the superior mesenteric artery and vein
Lymphatic vessels & lymphatic nodes
nerves

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6
Q

Jejunum vs ileum

A

Wall \ Thicker wall ; thinner wall

Vasa recta \ long ;short
Diameter \ wider ; smaller
Plicae circularis\ larger ; smaller
Lymphatic \ No or few ;peyer’s patches

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7
Q

Parasympathetic fibers of jejumum and ileum is derived from ?

A

Posterior vagal trunks

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8
Q

sympathetic fibers of jejumum and ileum originate from ?

A

T8_T10

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9
Q

The appendix

A

Blind ended tube connected to the cecum length 3_20

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10
Q

Appendix function in adult

A

Immune functions

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11
Q

Appendix function during early years of development

A

Lymphoid organ
help in maturation of B cells
And production of Ig A

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12
Q

Superior mesentric Ar branches (5)

A 
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal
Jejunal and ileal
Ileocolic
Right colic
Middle colic
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13
Q

Inferior mesentric Ar branches (3)

A

Left colic
Sigmoid
Superior rectal

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14
Q

Rectum location

A

In the pelvis

From 3s to coccyx

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15
Q

Rectum flexures(3)

A

Sacral
Anorectal
Lateral( superior , inferior , intermediate )

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16
Q

Perineum

A

Inferior to pelvic and diaphragm

Between pubic symphysis ( anterior ) and coccyx( posterior )

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17
Q

The line that divide the Perineum in to two triangles(describe the route)

A

drawn transversely across in front of the ischial tuberosities

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18
Q

What are the two triangles?

A

Urogenital Triangle

Anal Triangle

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19
Q

Urogenital Triangle contains?(male, female )

A

contains the scrotum and penis in the male # Contains the clitoris urethra and vagina in the females

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20
Q

Anal Triangle contains ?

A

Contains the anus and ischiorectal fossae in both the male and the female

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21
Q

Contents of the Ischiorectal fossa - Anal (6)

A
  1. Ischiorectal pad of fat.
  2. Inferior rectal nerve and vessels.
  3. Posterior scrotal / labial nerve and vessels.
  4. Pudendal canal and its contents.
  5. Perineal branch of fourth sacral nerve.
  6. Perforating cutaneous branch of S2 , S3 nerve
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22
Q

Anal Canal (location )

A

Begins at end of rectum where puborectalis muscle narrows the ampulla

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23
Q

Pectinate line divide the anus into ? ( number)

A

2

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24
Q

Above Pectinate line ?

A

Visceral, columnar epithelium Anal columns

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25
Q

Below Pectinate line?

A

Somatic, stratified sq. Epithelium, Anal valves and sinuses

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26
Q

Small intestine Lined with ?

A

simple columnar epithelium

27
Q

Mucosal surface specializations in small intestine ?(4)

A

Plicae circulars
Villi
Crypts of ( lieberkuhn) intestinal glands
Microvilli

28
Q

PLICAE CIRCULARES (valves of Kerkering)

A

are macroscopically crescent-shaped folds of the mucosa and submucosa.

29
Q

PLICAE CIRCULARES absent in ?

A

from the first few centimetres of the duodenum and the distal part of the ileum. ( well developed in the jejunum.)

30
Q

PLICAE CIRCULARES function ?

A

• increase the surface area of the mucosa

31
Q

INTESTINAL VILLI ( length, function, surface) ?

A

(about one mm long),
which increase the surface area by a factor of ten.
The surface of the villi is formed by a simple columnar epithelium.

32
Q

Mucosa contain five type of cells mention ?

A
  1. Enterocytes their primary function is absorption
  2. Goblet cells, unicellular mucin-secreting glands
  3. Paneth cells their primary function is to maintain mucosal innate immunity by secreting antimicrobial substances
  4. Enteroendocrine cells, which produce various paracrine and endocrine hormones
  5. M cells (microfold cells), modified enterocytes that cover enlarged lymphatic nodules in the lamina propria
33
Q

GOBLET CELLS

A

• • The apical end of each goblet cell is occupied by a large mass of mucus, which compresses adjacent cells. The nucleus toward the basal end of the cell. Attached by junctional complexes (evidenced in light microscopy as the “ terminal bar”) to adjacent absorptive cells .

34
Q

PANETH CELLS ( location , function )

A

Paneth cells are secretory epithelial cells located at the ends of intestinal crypts.
The function for these cells is secretion of anti-bacterial proteins into the crypt lumen, thereby providing protection for the stem cells which line the crypt walls.

35
Q

PANETH CELLS appearance

A

typical seroussecretory appearance, with basophilic basal cytoplasm and apical secretory vesicles (zymogen granules).

36
Q

PANETH CELLS basophilic basal cytoplasm (why)

A

(containing protein-synthetic rough endoplasmic reticulum)

37
Q

ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS ( location , produce )

A

Concentrated in lower portion of intestinal gland

Produce a lot of peptide hormones

38
Q

Serosa is a serous membrane consisting of a simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)

A

They is no answer

39
Q

LARGE INTESTINE Mucosa

A

contains no plicae circularis and no villi Lined with simple columnar epithelium.
Contains the same cells of the small intestine except Paneth cells

40
Q

Collagen table

A

thick layer of collagen that lies between the basal lamina of the epithelium and that of the capillaries.

41
Q

Pericryptal fibroblast sheath

A

which constitutes a well developed fibroblast regularly replicating cells.

42
Q

Crypts of lieberkuhn

A

are larger in the large intestine.

43
Q

Muscularis externa of the large intestine consist of ?

A

inner circular layer and outer incomplete bands of muscles called tinea coli

44
Q

First stage of midgut rotation 3rd to 5th week

A

rotates 90 degrees counter clockwise around the axis of superior mesenteric artery

45
Q

Growth and elongation of the mid gut results in physiological herniation through the umbilical ring into the umblical cord as result (3)

A

• Cranial limb comes to the right
• Vertical dorsal mesentery becomes horizontal
Caudal limb comes to the left

46
Q

Second stage of midgut rotation 5th to 10th week

A

further counter-clockwise rotation takes place for 180 degrees

47
Q

Second rotation result in?

A

First the right (cranial) limb is withdrawn into the left side of abdominal cavity & then the left (caudal) limb is withdrawn into the right side of abdominal cavity

48
Q

At the End of second stage

A
  • Cecum is sub hepatic
  • No ascending colon
  • Duodenum is behind the superior mesenteric artery
  • Transverse colon is in front of the superior mesenteric artery
  • Small intestine extends from left to right in the abdomen
  • Dorsal mesentery present on entire gut
49
Q

what happens in the Third stage of midgut rotation-10thweek to birth

A
  • Cecum and appendix descend to the right iliac fossa

* Ascending colon is formed

50
Q

At the End of Third stage of rotation

A

Fixation occurs

51
Q

What is Fixation

A

The dorsal mesentery fuses with the posterior abdominal wall in Duodenum, ascending colon & descending colon and get fixed to posterior abdominal wall & become secondarily retroperitoneal

52
Q

Secondary retroperitoneal organs

A
  1. Second, third and fourth part of duodenum
  2. Pancreas excepting its tail
  3. Ascending colon & Descending colon
  4. Rectum
53
Q

Congenital omphalocoele

A

Failure of withdrawal of herniated midgut loops from the umbilcal cord results in this condition

54
Q

Anomalies of rotation (3)

A

Nonrotation
Reversed rotation
Volvulus ( twisting if intestine )

55
Q

Subhepatic cecum

A

results due to failure of formation of the ascending colon & failure of descent of cecum

56
Q

Failure of fixation

A

Failure of fixationof the gut during the third stage of rotation of mid gut leads to the persistence of the mesentery in the duodenum, ascending colon and descending colon. This may give rise to volvulus

57
Q

Meckel’s (ileal) diverticulum

A

occurs due to the persistence of the proximal part of the yolk stalk. It is 2” in length, 2’ proximal to ileocecal junction& occurs in 2% of individuals. Look for it in the antemesenteric border of the ileum

58
Q

Yolk Stalk Anomalies (2)

A

1.Ileal or Meckel’s Diverticulum 2.IleoumbilicalAllantois

59
Q

Cloaca

A

Cloaca is the distal dilated part of the hind gut, distal to allantois
It is separated from the amniotic cavity by the cloacal membrane which lies at the bottom of a depression ectodermal cloaca

60
Q

Urorectal septum divides the cloaca into

A

dorsal anorectal canal + ventral urogenital sinus.

61
Q

Urorectal septum divides the cloacal membrane into

A

dorsal anal membrane + ventral urogenital membrane

62
Q

Hindgut anomiles

A
  1. Anal stenosis
  2. persistent anal membrane
  3. Fistulas( result from an imperfect urorectal septum )
  4. Hirsprung’s disease or Congenital megacolon
63
Q

Hirsprung’s disease or Congenital megacolon

A

It is caused by the absence of parasympathetic ganglia in a segment of the descending colon due to a failure of migration of neural crest cells. The part of colon, proximal to the affected segment enlarges Embryologically defective segment

Lower GI AAU (5 decks)

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