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Lower GI AAU > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

• Small & large intestine has 4 layers mention them ?

A

Peritoneal , Muscular , Submucosal , Mucosal

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2
Q

The Small intestine Has Three Parts

A

Duodenum , Jejunum , Ileum

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3
Q

The jejunum and ileum measure about ?

A

20 ft (6 m) long

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4
Q

The coils of jejunum and ileum are freely mobile and are attached to the posterior abdominal wall by ?

A

fan-shaped fold of peritoneum known as the mesentery of the small intestine

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5
Q

Contents of the mesentery of small intestine (3)

A

The branches of the superior mesenteric artery and vein
Lymphatic vessels & lymphatic nodes
nerves

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6
Q

Jejunum vs ileum

A

Wall \ Thicker wall ; thinner wall

Vasa recta \ long ;short
Diameter \ wider ; smaller
Plicae circularis\ larger ; smaller
Lymphatic \ No or few ;peyer’s patches

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7
Q

Parasympathetic fibers of jejumum and ileum is derived from ?

A

Posterior vagal trunks

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8
Q

sympathetic fibers of jejumum and ileum originate from ?

A

T8_T10

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9
Q

The appendix

A

Blind ended tube connected to the cecum length 3_20

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10
Q

Appendix function in adult

A

Immune functions

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11
Q

Appendix function during early years of development

A

Lymphoid organ
help in maturation of B cells
And production of Ig A

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12
Q

Superior mesentric Ar branches (5)

A 
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal
Jejunal and ileal
Ileocolic
Right colic
Middle colic
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13
Q

Inferior mesentric Ar branches (3)

A

Left colic
Sigmoid
Superior rectal

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14
Q

Rectum location

A

In the pelvis

From 3s to coccyx

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15
Q

Rectum flexures(3)

A

Sacral
Anorectal
Lateral( superior , inferior , intermediate )

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16
Q

Perineum

A

Inferior to pelvic and diaphragm

Between pubic symphysis ( anterior ) and coccyx( posterior )

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17
Q

The line that divide the Perineum in to two triangles(describe the route)

A

drawn transversely across in front of the ischial tuberosities

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18
Q

What are the two triangles?

A

Urogenital Triangle

Anal Triangle

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19
Q

Urogenital Triangle contains?(male, female )

A

contains the scrotum and penis in the male # Contains the clitoris urethra and vagina in the females

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20
Q

Anal Triangle contains ?

A

Contains the anus and ischiorectal fossae in both the male and the female

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21
Q

Contents of the Ischiorectal fossa - Anal (6)

A
  1. Ischiorectal pad of fat.
  2. Inferior rectal nerve and vessels.
  3. Posterior scrotal / labial nerve and vessels.
  4. Pudendal canal and its contents.
  5. Perineal branch of fourth sacral nerve.
  6. Perforating cutaneous branch of S2 , S3 nerve
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22
Q

Anal Canal (location )

A

Begins at end of rectum where puborectalis muscle narrows the ampulla

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23
Q

Pectinate line divide the anus into ? ( number)

A

2

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24
Q

Above Pectinate line ?

A

Visceral, columnar epithelium Anal columns

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25
Below Pectinate line?
Somatic, stratified sq. Epithelium, Anal valves and sinuses
26
Small intestine Lined with ?
simple columnar epithelium
27
Mucosal surface specializations in small intestine ?(4)
Plicae circulars Villi Crypts of ( lieberkuhn) intestinal glands Microvilli
28
PLICAE CIRCULARES (valves of Kerkering)
are macroscopically crescent-shaped folds of the mucosa and submucosa.
29
PLICAE CIRCULARES absent in ?
from the first few centimetres of the duodenum and the distal part of the ileum. ( well developed in the jejunum.)
30
PLICAE CIRCULARES function ?
• increase the surface area of the mucosa
31
INTESTINAL VILLI ( length, function, surface) ?
(about one mm long), which increase the surface area by a factor of ten. The surface of the villi is formed by a simple columnar epithelium.
32
Mucosa contain five type of cells mention ?
1. Enterocytes their primary function is absorption 2. Goblet cells, unicellular mucin-secreting glands 3. Paneth cells their primary function is to maintain mucosal innate immunity by secreting antimicrobial substances 4. Enteroendocrine cells, which produce various paracrine and endocrine hormones 5. M cells (microfold cells), modified enterocytes that cover enlarged lymphatic nodules in the lamina propria
33
GOBLET CELLS
• • The apical end of each goblet cell is occupied by a large mass of mucus, which compresses adjacent cells. The nucleus toward the basal end of the cell. Attached by junctional complexes (evidenced in light microscopy as the " terminal bar") to adjacent absorptive cells .
34
PANETH CELLS ( location , function )
Paneth cells are secretory epithelial cells located at the ends of intestinal crypts. The function for these cells is secretion of anti-bacterial proteins into the crypt lumen, thereby providing protection for the stem cells which line the crypt walls.
35
PANETH CELLS appearance
typical seroussecretory appearance, with basophilic basal cytoplasm and apical secretory vesicles (zymogen granules).
36
PANETH CELLS basophilic basal cytoplasm (why)
(containing protein-synthetic rough endoplasmic reticulum)
37
ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS ( location , produce )
Concentrated in lower portion of intestinal gland Produce a lot of peptide hormones
38
Serosa is a serous membrane consisting of a simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)
They is no answer
39
LARGE INTESTINE Mucosa
contains no plicae circularis and no villi Lined with simple columnar epithelium. Contains the same cells of the small intestine except Paneth cells
40
Collagen table
thick layer of collagen that lies between the basal lamina of the epithelium and that of the capillaries.
41
Pericryptal fibroblast sheath
which constitutes a well developed fibroblast regularly replicating cells.
42
Crypts of lieberkuhn
are larger in the large intestine.
43
Muscularis externa of the large intestine consist of ?
inner circular layer and outer incomplete bands of muscles called tinea coli
44
First stage of midgut rotation 3rd to 5th week
rotates 90 degrees counter clockwise around the axis of superior mesenteric artery
45
Growth and elongation of the mid gut results in physiological herniation through the umbilical ring into the umblical cord as result (3)
• Cranial limb comes to the right • Vertical dorsal mesentery becomes horizontal Caudal limb comes to the left
46
Second stage of midgut rotation 5th to 10th week
further counter-clockwise rotation takes place for 180 degrees
47
Second rotation result in?
First the right (cranial) limb is withdrawn into the left side of abdominal cavity & then the left (caudal) limb is withdrawn into the right side of abdominal cavity
48
At the End of second stage
* Cecum is sub hepatic * No ascending colon * Duodenum is behind the superior mesenteric artery * Transverse colon is in front of the superior mesenteric artery * Small intestine extends from left to right in the abdomen * Dorsal mesentery present on entire gut
49
what happens in the Third stage of midgut rotation-10thweek to birth
* Cecum and appendix descend to the right iliac fossa | * Ascending colon is formed
50
At the End of Third stage of rotation
Fixation occurs
51
What is Fixation
The dorsal mesentery fuses with the posterior abdominal wall in Duodenum, ascending colon & descending colon and get fixed to posterior abdominal wall & become secondarily retroperitoneal
52
Secondary retroperitoneal organs
1. Second, third and fourth part of duodenum 2. Pancreas excepting its tail 3. Ascending colon & Descending colon 4. Rectum
53
Congenital omphalocoele
Failure of withdrawal of herniated midgut loops from the umbilcal cord results in this condition
54
Anomalies of rotation (3)
Nonrotation Reversed rotation Volvulus ( twisting if intestine )
55
Subhepatic cecum
results due to failure of formation of the ascending colon & failure of descent of cecum
56
Failure of fixation
Failure of fixationof the gut during the third stage of rotation of mid gut leads to the persistence of the mesentery in the duodenum, ascending colon and descending colon. This may give rise to volvulus
57
Meckel’s (ileal) diverticulum
occurs due to the persistence of the proximal part of the yolk stalk. It is 2” in length, 2’ proximal to ileocecal junction& occurs in 2% of individuals. Look for it in the antemesenteric border of the ileum
58
Yolk Stalk Anomalies (2)
1.Ileal or Meckel’s Diverticulum 2.IleoumbilicalAllantois
59
Cloaca
Cloaca is the distal dilated part of the hind gut, distal to allantois It is separated from the amniotic cavity by the cloacal membrane which lies at the bottom of a depression ectodermal cloaca
60
Urorectal septum divides the cloaca into
dorsal anorectal canal + ventral urogenital sinus.
61
Urorectal septum divides the cloacal membrane into
dorsal anal membrane + ventral urogenital membrane
62
Hindgut anomiles
1. Anal stenosis 2. persistent anal membrane 3. Fistulas( result from an imperfect urorectal septum ) 4. Hirsprung’s disease or Congenital megacolon
63
Hirsprung’s disease or Congenital megacolon
It is caused by the absence of parasympathetic ganglia in a segment of the descending colon due to a failure of migration of neural crest cells. The part of colon, proximal to the affected segment enlarges Embryologically defective segment

Lower GI AAU (5 decks)

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