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PLABABLE > ANATOMY > Flashcards

ANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

A young man presents with increased scapula winging when doing a push-up against the wall and pain induced on contralateral tilting of the head. Which structure was most likely injured?

A

Long Thoracic nerve

Medial scapular winging; Weakness of the serratus anterior muscle

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2
Q

This condition presents as sudden, unilateral vision loss, described as black curtain coming down, lasting for 5-15 minutes.

A

Amaurosis fugax

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3
Q

Amaurosis fugax is a painless transient monocular visual loss associated with stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) and its risk factors. What causes this condition?

A

It is caused by RETINAL ISCHEMIA usually associated with platelet emboli passing through retinal circulation or stenosis of the ipsilateral carotid artery.

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4
Q

Anatomical Landmarks:

C6-7

A

Stellate ganglion

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5
Q

Anatomical Landmarks:

T5-8

A

Heart position

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6
Q

Anatomical Landmarks:

5th ICS

A

Apex of heart (midclavicular line)

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7
Q

Anatomical Landmarks:

9th costal cartilage

A

gallbladder fundus

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8
Q

Anatomical Landmarks:

T3-4

A

Manubrium

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9
Q

Anatomical Landmarks:

T9-10

A

Xiphoid process

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10
Q

Anatomical Landmarks:

Kidney position

A

T12-L3

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11
Q

Anatomical Landmarks:

Transpyloric plane

A

L1

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12
Q

Anatomical Landmarks:

subcostal plane

A

L2

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13
Q

Anatomical Landmarks:

Iliac Crest

A

L4

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14
Q

Anatomical Landmarks:

Intertubercular plane

A

L5

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15
Q

In adults, at which level does spinal cord extend to ? In children?

A

Lower border of L1; Lower/upper border of L3

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16
Q

Nerve Injury Pointers (Upper Limb)

Wrist Drop

A

Radial Nerve

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17
Q

Nerve Injury Pointers (Upper Limb)

Claw Hand

A

Ulnar nerve

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18
Q

Nerve Injury Pointers (Upper Limb)

Paresthesia: ring + little finger

A

Ulnar nerve

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19
Q

Nerve Injury Pointers (Upper Limb)

Paresthesia: middle + index + thumb

A

Median nerve

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20
Q

Nerve Injury Pointers (Upper Limb)

Humeral Neck Fracture

A

Axillary nerve

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21
Q

Nerve Injury Pointers (Upper Limb)

Humeral Shaft Fracture

A

Radial Nerve

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22
Q

Nerve Injury Pointers (Upper Limb)

Supracondylar Fracture

A

Median nerve (anterior interosseous nerve branch)

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23
Q

Nerve Injury Pointers (Upper Limb)
Saturday night palsy
Crutch Palsy

A

Radial nerve

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24
Q

Nerve Injury Pointers (Upper Limb)

Winging of Scapula

A

Long Thoracic nerve

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25
Q

Nerve Injury Pointers (Upper Limb)

Dropped Scapula

A

Accessory nerve

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26
Q

After surgery for varicose veins, a patient complains of numbness on the medial side of his foot. What is the SINGLE most likely nerve involved?

A

Saphenous nerve

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27
Q

Nerve Injury Pointers (Lower Limb)
Femoral neck fracture
Acetabular fracture

A

Sciatic nerve

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28
Q

Nerve Injury Pointers (Lower Limb)

Fibular neck fracture

A

Common peroneal nerve

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29
Q

Nerve Injury Pointers (Lower Limb)

Foot drop

A

Sciatic/Common & Deep Peroneal nerve

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30
Q

Nerve Injury Pointers (Lower Limb)

Loss of sensation medial side of foot

A

Saphenous nerve

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31
Q

Nerve Injury Pointers (Lower Limb)

Loss of sensation lateral side of foot

A

Sural nerve

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32
Q

Nerve Injury Pointers (Lower Limb)

Glove and stocking pattern of paresthesia

A

Diabetes mellitus

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33
Q

LOAF muscles

A

Lumbricals (lateral two)
Opponens pollicis
ABductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis

Motor of these muscles are innervated by the median nerve

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34
Q

Winged scapula - what nerve and muscle are affected?

Usual causes?

A

Long thoracic nerve - innervating the serratus anterior
Caused by lifting heavy objects, trauma or s/p mastectomy

Also take note of:

  • Pain is severe on CONTRALATERAL tilting of the head
  • increased winging of scapula on WALL PUSH-UP
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35
Q

Dropped scapula - what nerve and muscles are affected?

Common causes?

A 
Accessory nerve (CN XI) which innervates the trapezius muscle is affected.
Usually during a surgery of the POSTERIOR triangle of the neck.

Winging increases during arm abduction at the shoulder level.

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36
Q 
Differentiate Winged Scapula from Dropped Scapula in terms of :
A. Nerve
B. Muscle
C. Winging exaggeration
D. Pain exaggeration
E. Cause
A 
Winged Scapula
A. Long thoracic nerve 
B. Serratus anterior
C. Wall push-up
D. Contralateral tilting of the head
E. After lifting heavy objects, trauma, or s/p mastectomy
Dropped Scapula
A. CN XI
B. Trapezius (and sternocleidomastoid)
C. Arm Abduction at the shoulder level
D. ***no data
E. During surgery of the POSTERIOR triangle of the neck
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37
Q

How does claw hand occur?

A
  • Damage to the ulnar nerve
  • you have a hyperextension at the MCP joints and flexion at the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of 4th and 5th fingers
38
Q

When this nerve is compressed against this groove on the medial aspect of the humerus, what happens?

A

Radial nerve at the spiral groove - Crutch Palsy

39
Q

Differentiate Flexor Digitorum superficialis from Flexor Digitorum profundus.

A

FDS - unable to flex the PIP and MCP

FDP - unable to flex the DIP

40
Q

Other term for medial epicondylitis

A

Golfer’s elbow

41
Q

Other term for tennis elbow

A

Lateral epicondylitis

42
Q

Washerwoman

A

De Quervain’s tenosynovitis

43
Q

What is OTA rule for eye muscles?

A

Remember that LR6SO4 means:

  • lateral rectus is innervated by CN VI
  • superior oblique is innervated by CN IV

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

  • controls most eye muscles
  • it constricts the pupil and innervates the levator palpebrae superioris
    • injury results in MYDRIASIS and PTOSIS of the same side
    • also causes diplopia and outward gaze
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
-	causes downward gaze and diplopia in the opposite side (vertical diplopia) i.e., while climbing the stair, he sees double if he looks left, lesion is in the right

Abducens nerve (CN VI)

  • horizontal diplopia
  • sees double in the same side of the lesion

OTA - same opposite same

44
Q

What are the functions of an oculomotor nerve?

A

Constricts the pupil and innervates the levator palpebrae superioris; hence, injury results in MYDRIASIS and PTOSIS

45
Q

Two motor branches of the common peroneal nerve

A

Superficial Peroneal nerve and Deep Peroneal nerve

Superficial peroneal nerve - responsible for foot eversion (foot away)
Deep Peroneal nerve - resposible for dorsiflexion

Thus, injury to the common peroneal nerve causes a inverted plantar flexed foot or FOOT DROP

46
Q

Affected nerve in a foot drop

A

Common peroneal nerve

47
Q

The only vein that runs on the lateral aspect of the leg

A

Short saphenous vein

***Remember that in the lateral aspect of the leg, you have the SSV and Sural nerve (lateral foot).
In the medial aspect of the leg, you have Saphenous Nerve (medial foot) + Long (Great) Saphenous Vein

48
Q

Common fibular nerve is also known as:

A

Common peroneal nerve which has two branches: Deep peroneal nerve (For dorsiflexion) and Superficial peroneal nerve (for foot eversion)

49
Q

All structures below the umbilicus drain into the SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL LYMPH NODES except

A 
Gonads (testis and ovaries) - Para-aortic LN
Lateral Foot (Lateral Malleolus) - popliteal LN
50
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the tip of the tongue

A

Submental LN

51
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the tongue?

A

Tip - submental
Anterior 2/3 - submandibular
Posterior 1/3 - jugulu-omohyoid of the deep cervical LN

52
Q

DAD of deep peroneal nerve

A

Deep peroneal nerve a branch of the common peroneal (fibular) nerve
DAD stands for Deep peroneal nerve, Anterior compartment of the leg, Dorsiflexion

53
Q

C8 Radiculopathy common presentation

A

ulnar deviation of the wrist

Thumb: abduction and extension

54
Q

T1 Radiculopathy presents with:

A

Finger abduction and adduction

55
Q

What is the FEEF EWEF of C5-C8?

A

C5 - flex - elbow
C6 - extend - wrist
C7 - extend - elbow
C8 -flex - fingers

56
Q

What results in the perforation of an ulcer in the fundus or body of the stomach?

A

Pus in the lesser sac —> abscess formation —> generalized peritonitis

57
Q

What results in the perforation of an ulcer in the pylorus or duodenum (duodenal ulcer)?

A

Retroperitoneal abscess

58
Q

What is the PiTs of stroke?

A

Posterior lobe - inferior homonymous quadrantinopsia

Temporal Lobe - superior homonymous quadrantinopsia

59
Q

What are the common presentations of a patient who suffers from temporal lobe stroke?

A

Long-term memory loss + changes of sexual behavior + visual field defect (superior homonymous quadrantinopsia

(PiTs)

60
Q

Differentiate the visual field defect of a temporal lobe lesion versus a parietal lobe lesion.

A

Remember PiTs

Posterior lobe - inferior homonymous quadrantinopsia
Temporal lobe - superior homonymous quadrantinopsia

61
Q

An elderly with a history of stroke presents with impaired long-term memory, altered sexual behavior and visual defect. What is the possible visual defect elicited by the patient?

A

Superior homonymous quadrantinopsia

62
Q

Explain the rule of 17 for side of deviation.

A

10 + 7 = Opposite

12 + 5 = Same side

63
Q

Why is jaundice the most common manifestation of a patient with tumor in the head of the pancreas?

A

Because head of the pancreas is situated proximal to the common bile duct and obstruction of which results in jaundice

64
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the posterior oropharynx

A

Deep cervical Lymph node

The posterior oropharynx and the posterior 1/3 of the tongue are both draining into the deep cervical lymph node

65
Q

Branches of the trigeminal nerve

A

Ophthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular

66
Q

What are being innervated by the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Sinuses and Mucosa

MESS of Maxillary Nerve: Maxillary, Ethmoid, Sphenoid Sinuses

67
Q

Location of the deep inguinal ring

A

It is located about 1 inch above the midpoint of the inguinal ligament

Imagine Inguinal ligament (singit) and its midpoint. 1 inch above it, you can find the deep inguinal ring.

The stretch of the deep inguinal ring down to the superficial inguinal ring makes up the inguinal canal

68
Q

Quadriplegia + Vertigo + Diplopia + Locked-in syndrome

A

Brainstem infarct

69
Q

Ataxic hemiparesis + Dysarthria

A

Lacunar infarct (internal capsule)

70
Q

What nerve is often injured during dental procedures and mandibular trauma?

A

Inferior alveolar nerve (a branch of mandibular nerve)

- also gives off to mental nerve (supplies the chin and lower lip)

71
Q

Extensor pollicis brevis and extensor pollicis longus, obviously, extends the thumb at their respective joints. Which joints and which muscle?

A

EP Brevis - at the MCP joint

EP Longus - at the IP joints

72
Q

Extends all fingers at the MCP and IP joints

A

Extensor digitorum

73
Q

What are the structures at the transpyloric plane?

A 
9th costal cartilage
GB fundus
Pylorus
Renal hilum
Coeliac trunk
Superior mesenteric artery
74
Q

Umbilicus in terms of dermatoma and vertebral level

A

T10 dermatome

L3-L4 vertebra

75
Q

Paresthesia of the:

LIttle finger + Ring Finger (both dorsal and palmar)

A

Ulnar nerve

76
Q

Paresthesia of the:

Middle finger, index finger and thumb

A

Median nerve

77
Q

A blow or a trauma to the lateral aspect of the area BELOW the knee results in what condition and due to lesion in what nerve?

A

Foot drop

Common peroneal nerve

78
Q

A blow or a trauma to the lateral aspect of the area ABOVE the knee results in what condition and due to lesion in what nerve?

A

Foot drop

Common peroneal nerve still

79
Q

Most common type of knee bursae inflammation, commonly seen in housemaids and plumber who kneel a lot

A

Prepatellar bursitis

80
Q

Treatment for prepatellar bursitis

A

Rest

81
Q

Achilles reflex

A

S1-S2

82
Q

Patellar reflex

A

L3-L4

83
Q

Biceps reflex

A

C5-C6

84
Q

C7-C8

A

Triceps reflex

85
Q

Cremasteric reflex

A

L1-L2

86
Q

S3-S4

A

Anal wink reflex

87
Q

Nerve root responsible for the sensory loss in the groin and pelvic girdle

A

L1

Remember 3 in the thigh, 2 in the shin, 1 in the foot
L1-L3, L4-L5, S1

88
Q

Nerve root responsible for sensory loss in the anterior thigh

A

L2

89
Q

Transpyloric plane is located at what level of vertebra?

A

L1

90
Q

Erb’s palsy is a result of an injury to what roots of the brachial plexus? Manifestation?

A

C5-C6 roots

91
Q

Klumpke’s Palsy is injury to which roots?

A

C8-T1

PLABABLE (5 decks)

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