Anatomy

Question 0

Types of Synovial Joints

Answer 0

1. Ball & socket
   - flexion, extension, addiction, abduction, internal/external rotation, circumduction
   - hip, shoulder
2. Hinge
   - flexion, extension
   - ankle, elbow, interphalangeal
3. Saddle
   - flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction
   - thumb
4. Ellipsoid
   - flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction
   - knee, tempomandibular, wrist (radiocarpal)
5. Pivot
   - rotation
   - C1
6. ## Gliding
   • acromio-clavicular, intercarpal, intertarsal

Question 1

Kinds of Joints

Answer 1

1. Fibrous Joints
   - immovable or partly movable
   - articulating bones are connected by fibrous tissue

They can be partially moveable like the interosseous ligaments in forearm or lower leg OR immovable, like the skull sutures or teeth in sockets

2. Cartilaginous Joint
   - immovable: epiphyseal plates in bones; sternocostal
3. Fibrocartalginous Joint
   - partly movable: intervertebral discs & symphysis of pubis, manubrium & sternum, meniscus (?); sacroiliac (?)
4. Synovial Joint
   - freely moving
   - characterized by articulating bones, capped with articular cartilage, enclosed within joint capsule containing synovial fluid

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Question 2

Structure of the Shoulder (glenohumeral joint)

Answer 2

• shoulder is made up of clavicle, scapula, & humerus
• Humerus attaches to the scapula at the Glenoid Fossa, creating the glenohumeral joint
• Clavicle attaches to scapula at the Acromion Process, creating the Acromioclavicular (A/C) joint
• Other end of Clavicle attaches to Sternum, creating Sternoclavicular (S/C) Joint

Question 3

Movements of the shoulder joints

Answer 3

Glenohumeral Joint

1. Flexion/extension
2. Horizontal abduction/adduction
3. Abduction/adduction
4. Internal/external rotation
5. Elevation/depression

Scapulothoracic Join

6. Retraction (adduction)/Protraction (abduction)
7. Upward/downward rotation

Question 4

Muscles of the shoulder

Answer 4

1. Trapezius
2. Deltoid
3. Pectoralis major & minor

4 - 7. SITS:

• supraspinatus
• infraspinatus
• teres minor
• subscapularis

8. Latissimus dorsi
9. Triceps brachii
10. Biceps brachii
11. Levator scapula
12. Sternoclidomastoid (SCM)

Question 5

Structure of the knee (tibeofemoral joint)

Answer 5

1. Femur
2. Patella
3. Tibia

Question 6

Movements of the knee joints

Answer 6

1. Flexion/extension

2. Medial/lateral rotation

Question 7

Muscles of the knee

Answer 7

1. Quadriceps
   - vastus medius
   - vastus lateralis
   - vastus intermeduus
   - rectus femoris
2. Hamstrings
   - semitendinosus
   - semimembranosus
   - biceps femoris
3. Gracilis
4. Sartorius
5. Gastrocnemius
6. Popliteus
7. Plantaris