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GI System > Anatomy 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 quadrants that the abdominal cavity can be divided into?

A

Right upper
Left upper
Right lower
Left lower

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2
Q

What are the two imaginary line used to divide the abdomen into the 4 quadrants?

A

Trans-umbilical line and the sagittal line (both transverse through the umbilicus)

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3
Q

What are the imaginary lines used to divide the abdomen into 9 regions?

A

Two horizontal:

  1. Transpyloric line
  2. Transtubercular line

Two vertical:
Two midclavicular lines

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4
Q

What are the names of the 9 regions?

A
  1. Right and left hypochondriac
  2. Epigastrium
  3. Right and left lumbar (or flank)
  4. umbilical
  5. Right and left iliac fossa
  6. Hypograstric (or suprapubic)
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5
Q

What structures are found in the Right Hypochrondriac?

A
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Small intestine
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6
Q

What structures are found in the Left Hypochrondriac?

A
  • Spleen
  • Pancreas
  • Descending colon
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7
Q

What structures are found in the Epigastrium?

A
  • Stomach
  • Oesophagus
  • Liver
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8
Q

What structures are found in the Right lumbar region?

A
  • Ascending colon
  • R kidney
  • Small intestine
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9
Q

What structures are found in the Left lumbar region?

A
  • Descending colon
  • L kidney
  • Small intestine
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10
Q

What structures are found in the Umbilical region?

A
  • Transverse colon
  • Cisterna chyli
  • R + L kidneys
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11
Q

What structures are found in the Right Iliac Fossa?

A
  • Appendix
  • Caecum
  • Small intestine
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12
Q

What structures are found in the Left Iliac Fossa?

A
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Descending colon
  • Small intestine
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13
Q

What structures are found in the Hypogastrium?

A
  • Bladder
  • Prostate
  • Sigmoid colon
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14
Q

What four muscles are found on the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Internal oblique
External oblique
Transversalis abominis
Rectus abdominus

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15
Q

What are the actions of the internal oblique and what is its innervation?

A
  • Flex/rotate trunk and support/compress viscera

* Thoracoabdominal T7-11 and subcostal T12

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16
Q

What are the actions of the external oblique and what is its innervation?

A
  • Flex/rotate trunk trunk and support abdominal visceral

* T7-11, T12 and L1

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17
Q

What are the actions of the transversus abdominus and what is its innervation?

A
  • Compress and support viscera

* T7-11, subcostal T12 and L1

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18
Q

What are the actions of rectus abdominus and what is its innervation?

A
  • Flexes trunk (lumbar vertebrae) and compresses abdominal viscera, stabilises and controls tilt of pelvis
  • T7-11, subcostal T12
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19
Q

What is visceral referred pain?

A

Pain arising from a viscus (i.e. stomach) varies from dull to severe. The pain is poorly localised; it radiates to the dermatome level that receives visceral sensory fibres from the organ concerned

20
Q

What does the arcuate line indicate?

A 
Above arcuate (through umbilicus):
Rectus adbominus in enveloped by rectus sheath of external oblique aponeurosis, anterior lamina of IO aponeurosis and posteriorly by posterior lamina of IO aponeurosis and transverse abdominus

Below:
All aponeurosis pass anteriorly to the RA

21
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

Fibrous sheath that encloses RA, and pyramidalis, supporting them

It is made up of the EO, IO and TA aponeuroses

22
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Fibrous, flat tendon

23
Q

At what vertebral level is the umbilicus on the abdominal wall?

A

L3-4 but can say depending on fat tissue (unnerved by T10 dermatome)

24
Q

Which thoracic spinal segment innervate the anterior abdominal wall?

A

T7-11, and T12

25
Q

How is the inguinal canal formed?

A

Formed during the relocation of the gonads during foetal development, and is formed from layers of the anterior abdominal wall as these layers push through the wall obliquely, thus forming a canal.

26
Q

Describe the structure of the inguinal canal

A
  • 4cm
  • Lies parallel to and above the medial half of the inguinal ligament
  • Attached to anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle
  • Opening is deep (internal) ring) and closing is the superior (external) inguinal ring
27
Q

What are the walls of the inguinal canal composed of?

A
  • Anterior: Aponeurosis of EO
  • Posterior: transversalis fascia
  • Roof: transversals fascia, I.O., transversus abdominus aponeurosis
  • Floor: Inguinal ligament
28
Q

What is the relationship of the deep inguinal ligament to the inferior epigastric vessels?

A

Lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels

29
Q

Where does the superficial ring lie in relation to the pubic tubercle?

A

Superolateral to pubic tubercle

30
Q

What are the contents of the inguinal canal in males?

A
  • Vas deferens
  • Ilioinguinal nerve
  • Blood and lymphatic vessels
31
Q

What are the contents of the inguinal canal in females?

A
  • Round ligament of uterus
  • Ilioinguinal nerve
  • Blood and lymphatic vessels
32
Q

What are the three types of abdominal hernias?

A
  • Inguinal hernias (direct and indirect) - uses inferior epigastric aa to distinguish
  • Femoral hernias
  • Umbilical hernias
33
Q

Describe direct inguinal hernias

A

Abdominal contents do not pass through the deep ring, but push through a weak spot in the muscles of the posterior wall of canal, so contents enter canal and can pass through superficial ring

  • 1/3 of inguinal hernias
  • Lateral to inferior epigastric vessels
  • more common in elderly - lax muscles
34
Q

Describe indirect inguinal hernias

A

Results due to a congenital weakness in the deep inguinal ring, allowing abdominal contents to enter into the inguinal canal

  • Most common form of hernias
  • Medial to inferior epigastric vessels
  • More common in young - congenital weakness
35
Q

Describe femoral hernias

A

Occur below the inguinal ligament, when abdominal content pass into the weak area at the posterior wall of the femoral canal (medial to inferior epigastric vessels)

36
Q

Describe umbilical hernias

A

When abdominal connect pass through a weakness at the site of the passage of the umbilical cord through the abdominal wall.

  • In adults, they’re acquired rather than congenital
  • Abnormal fibres at the line alba may also contribute
37
Q

What are the four distinct layers of the GI tract?

A
  1. Mucosa: epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscular externa (propria)
  4. Adventitia (or serosa below diaphragm)
38
Q

Describe the epithelium of the GI mucosa

A
  • Type varies with function

* Basement membrane support epithelium and it does not contain BV or nerves

39
Q

Describe the lamina propria of the GI mucosa

A
  • Layer of loose connective tissue
  • Rich in BV and lymph vessels and smooth muscle cells
  • Glands are present throughout tube, expect few in oesophagus
40
Q

Describe the muscularis mucosae of the GI mucosa

A

Thin layer of smooth muscle

41
Q

Describe the GI tract submucosa

A

Collagenous supporting tissue with blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves

42
Q

Describe the GI tract muscular externa

A

Smooth muscle layer with an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer -> basis for peristaltic contraction (

• Stomach has an extra oblique layer

43
Q

What are the four basic mucosal types of the GI tract?

A
  1. Protective: stratified squamous epithelium - oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus + anal canal
  2. Secretory: simple columnar with tubular glands (secretes digestive enzymes) - stomach
  3. Absorptive: villi, with short glands called crypts (brunner’s glands in duodenum) - entire small intestine
  4. Absorptive/protective: closely packed straight tubular glands with goblet cells, specialised in water absorption + mucous secretion - entire large intestine
44
Q

What are the four abrupt transitions that occur in the GI tract?

A
  • Gastro-oesophageal
  • Gastro-duodenal
  • Ileocaecal
  • Recto-anal
45
Q

How does serosa differ to adventitia in the abdominal cavity?

A

Adventitia covered by a single layer of flattened epithelial cells (visceral peritoneum)

GI System (28 decks)

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