anatomy 1 Flashcards
what is a ganglion?
mini brain; neurons grouped together but not complicated enough to be a true brain
what organs are a part of the urinary system?
kidneys, renal arteries, capillaries, renal vein, ureter, bladder, urethra
what organs make up the peripheral nervous system?
nerves and recpetors
what are the functions of the integumentary system?
protection, sensory reception, thermoregulation, insulation/cushioning, vitamin D synthesis
what does highly vascularized mean?
has lots of blood vessels
what are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
duodenum, jgunum, ilium
where is the brain stem located?
at the top of the spinal cord
what is epiphysis?
ends of the bone (sometimes called “spongy bone”)
what does highly vascularized mean?
has a lot of blood vessels
what are the organs of the integumentary system?
skin, glands, muscles (cause hair to stand up), hair, nails, blood vessels, receptors and neurons
how do protein based hormones trigger a cell?
land on the cell receptor on the plasma membrane and trigger a secondary messenger
what is the pharynx?
a structure at the top of the throat which sorts things going to the digestive tract from things in the respiratory system
what are microvilli?
provide surface area for cells in the digestive system
what are tissues?
groups of cells similar in structure and function
what is the largest organ in the body?
skin
why is the brain wrinkled?
to increase surface area
what is the purpose of the liver in digestion?
produces bile which takes fat and allows it to be broken down for use
what are sympathetic nerves?
used for physical activity, fight or flight, stressful situations
how can the integumentary system assist in thermoregulation?
sweating, can retroute blood to and away from the skin, has a layer of fat
what are exocrine glands?
release outside of the body (sweat, oil, earwax, etc.)
what type of tissue is blood?
connective tissue
name an example of a primitive nervous system.
cnidarians have a nerve net
what is the function of the cerebellum?
controls muscle movements/skeletal movements
what is myoglobin?
protein molecule that is useful for storing proteins
what is peristalsis?
contractions which push things along the pathway of the GI tract
what does the hypothalamus do?
maintains homeostasis and communicates with the pituitary gland
what two things can hormones be based on?
amino acids based (protein-like) or lipid based
what was the purpose of the appendix?
used to help the body digest cellulose, no longer functional
what is the main byproduct of the urinary system?
urine
what are parasympathetic nerves?
work when we are relaxing
how does the integumentary system provide protection for the body?
physical barrier, has oil and benign bacteria living on it that repel bacterial growth
give an example of a hormone produced by the thymus.
thymosin: assists in the production of T-cells, fights infection
what is the function of the urinary system?
osmoregulation
what is the ureter?
a tube from the kidney that uses gravity to drain to the bladder
give an example of a hormone produced by the testes.
luteinizing hormones (testosterone)
what are the four lobes of the cerebrum?
parential, frontal, temporal, occipital
what is the purpose of cartilage?
smooths bone connections (in joints)
what are neurotransmitters?
signals/messengers delivered my the nervous system that are very fast
what are the 3 types of primitive embryo tissues?
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
what are the 2 types of digestion that happen in the stomach?
mechanical and chemical digestion
what are gastric glands?
glands within the stomach that produce enzymes and hydrochloric acid
what type of nerves are most nerves?
mixed nerves; act as a two-way street for signals to and from the CNS
what is adipose tissue?
fat tissue in the hypodermal layer of the skin that insulates and cushions the body
what is salivary amylase?
an enzyme in saliva
what is mechanical digestion?
physically breaking down food
give an example of a hormone produced of the pancreas.
insulin: regulates blood sugar
what are the 2 types of contractile proteins?
actin and myosin
where are parathyroid glands located?
embedded in the back of the thyroid
where are glands located in the brain?
in the diencephalon
what is brain mapping?
looking at patients who have had brain trauma and determining what various parts of the brain control based of what functions have been lost; considered to be the final frontier of the body
what is system integration?
body doesn’t operate as separate systems, they are all integrated and work together
what is the diencephalon?
“gateway” to the cerebrum; small part of the brain in the center, not very visible
what is saliva?
made up of mostly water and mucus with some enzymes which lubricates food
what is chyme?
a paste of food left after the stomach that moves into the small intestine
what are the organs in the nervous system?
brain, spinal cord, nerves, receptors
what is the purpose of hair?
insulation, tactile, camouflage
what are stimuli?
changes in the environment that trigger a response in the body
what does “renal” mean?
refers to something related to the kidneys
what are the twelve organ systems?
nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, reproductive, muscular, urinary, skeletal, lymphatic, endocrine, integumentary, immune
what is a nerve net?
neurons spread equally throughout the body
what is the urethra?
tube leading out of the body, has 2 sphincters
what is the purpose of oil?
keeps hair flexible, bactericide
what is the function of the gallbladder?
stores extra bile
what does tactile mean?
can pick up a lot of senses
where is the duodenum?
at the top of the small intestine where the pancreas and liver excrete stuff
what are ligaments?
connect bones together
what is the medullary cavity?
hollow space within bones to decrease weight; filled with bone marrow
give an example of a hormone produced by the thyroid.
thylacine: regulates metabolism
why are muscles highly vascularized?
because muscles need a lot of oxygen and glucose
what are sensory nerves?
carry info to the CNS from receptors
what are the 3 layers of the skin?
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
what is osmoregulation?
regulates fluids in the body and their concentrations
what are negative feedback loops?
often how glands are shut off; when concentration drops, a gland will stop producing hormones
what are the functions of the nervous system?
detect stimuli, carry info to the CNS, trigger a response
what is the pyloric sphincter?
sphincter within the duodenum which regulates chyme passage
what is urochrae?
a pigment found in urine (makes it yellow)
what is the axial skeleton?
ribs, vertebrate, skull (things central)
where do the pancreas and the liver introduce bile and enzymes into the GI tract?
at the top of the small intestines
why is the stomach coated in mucus?
protection against acid
what is melanin?
pigment found in the epidermis that protects against UV rays
name the 3 main parts of the brain.
brain stem, cerebellum, cerebrum
what is the purpose of the pancreas in the digestive system?
produces enzymes that can further break down food; produces a buffer to raise the pH to allow the small intestine’s enzymes to function
what are the ways that a gland can be turned on?
- neural stimulation (signal from the brain)
- hormonal stimulation (a hormone turns on the gland)
- some glands detect chemical concentration
what are the functions of muscles?
movement, protection, generate heat, posture, stabilize joints
what is a target organ?
where a hormone acts (determined using receptors on cells)
what happens in the rectum?
feces are stores before being expelled
where are the adrenal glands located?
on top of the kidneys
give an example of a hormone produced by the pineal gland.
melatonin
what are the organs of the cirulatory system?
heart, veins, arteries, blood vessels
list 4 accessory structures to the digestive system.
salivary glands, pancreas, gallbladder, liver
what is a sphincter?
a ring of muscles that can contract and shut a tube
what do the nervous system and the endocrine system have in common?
they both control the body
give an example of a hormone produced by the adrenal glands.
adrenaline: tells the heart to pump more blood
what organs make up the central nervous system?
the brain and spinal cord
what are hormones?
chemicals released by glands of the endocrine system to tell the body to do something (slower than the nervous system)
what are tendons?
wrappings that connect muscles and bones (and sometimes muscles with other muscles)
what are the 3 major glands in the brain?
pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary
what does the cecum do?
produces mucus to lubricate the lining of the large intestines
what is the vagus nerve?
longest cranial nerve, goes from the heart to the brain; demonstrates how important that organ is that is has a direct pathway to the brain
what are motor nerves?
leave the CNS and go out to muscles/glands with a response
what are fascicles?
long, thin fibers wrapped together with a tissue layer (lots of these make up muscles)
give an example of a hormone produced by the pituitary gland.
growth hormone
what is a systematic hormone?
works body-wide
what is the function of the skeletal system?
movement, protection, mineral storage, a little bit of fat storage
name the parts of the GI tract in order.
mouth/oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anal canal, anus
why does the stomach need hydrochloric acid?
the acid lowers the pH and allows the enzymes to function
what happens in the large intestine?
water and salts are reabsorbed into the body
where is the thymus located?
on top on the heart
what is keratin?
waterproofs the skin; soft keratin exists throughout most of the skin, hard keratin makes up nails
what is dialysis?
a machine mimicking the kidneys that can help people with malfunctioning kidneys
what is plasma?
the fluid in blood
what is the function of the diencephalon?
information gets routed through here on the way to the cerebrum; acts like a traffic conductor, determines where info goes; filters info away from the brain so it doesn`t get overwhelmed
what is filtrate?
fluid squeezed out of the blood in the kidneys
what happens in the small intestines?
nutrients are absorbed into the body
what are the 3 types of muscle?
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
what is the function of the brain stem?
“primitive brain” but super important; controls basic functions of life subconsiously
what is chemical digestion?
digestion brought about by enzymes
how do lipid based hormones trigger a cell?
land on the cell receptor and pass through the plasma membrane
what is the function of the cerebrum?
higher mental functions; things you are consciously aware of (sight, pain, smell)
give an example of a hormone produced by the ovaries.
follicle stimulating hormone: triggers the release of the egg
what is diaphysis?
“compound bone”; shaft of the bone, sturdy
what does the prefix endo- mean?
within; “endo”crine means released within the body
what are the 4 types of tissues?
connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous
what is the appendicular skeleton?
bones used for movement
what is histology?
the study of tissues
what causes kidney stones?
mineral buildup in the kidneys
