Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 102 > anatomy 1 > Flashcards

anatomy 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a ganglion?

A

mini brain; neurons grouped together but not complicated enough to be a true brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what organs are a part of the urinary system?

A

kidneys, renal arteries, capillaries, renal vein, ureter, bladder, urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what organs make up the peripheral nervous system?

A

nerves and recpetors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the functions of the integumentary system?

A

protection, sensory reception, thermoregulation, insulation/cushioning, vitamin D synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does highly vascularized mean?

A

has lots of blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jgunum, ilium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where is the brain stem located?

A

at the top of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is epiphysis?

A

ends of the bone (sometimes called “spongy bone”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does highly vascularized mean?

A

has a lot of blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the organs of the integumentary system?

A

skin, glands, muscles (cause hair to stand up), hair, nails, blood vessels, receptors and neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how do protein based hormones trigger a cell?

A

land on the cell receptor on the plasma membrane and trigger a secondary messenger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

a structure at the top of the throat which sorts things going to the digestive tract from things in the respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are microvilli?

A

provide surface area for cells in the digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are tissues?

A

groups of cells similar in structure and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the largest organ in the body?

A

skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why is the brain wrinkled?

A

to increase surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the purpose of the liver in digestion?

A

produces bile which takes fat and allows it to be broken down for use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are sympathetic nerves?

A

used for physical activity, fight or flight, stressful situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how can the integumentary system assist in thermoregulation?

A

sweating, can retroute blood to and away from the skin, has a layer of fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are exocrine glands?

A

release outside of the body (sweat, oil, earwax, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what type of tissue is blood?

A

connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

name an example of a primitive nervous system.

A

cnidarians have a nerve net

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

controls muscle movements/skeletal movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is myoglobin?

A

protein molecule that is useful for storing proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

contractions which push things along the pathway of the GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

maintains homeostasis and communicates with the pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what two things can hormones be based on?

A

amino acids based (protein-like) or lipid based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what was the purpose of the appendix?

A

used to help the body digest cellulose, no longer functional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the main byproduct of the urinary system?

A

urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are parasympathetic nerves?

A

work when we are relaxing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how does the integumentary system provide protection for the body?

A

physical barrier, has oil and benign bacteria living on it that repel bacterial growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

give an example of a hormone produced by the thymus.

A

thymosin: assists in the production of T-cells, fights infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the function of the urinary system?

A

osmoregulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the ureter?

A

a tube from the kidney that uses gravity to drain to the bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

give an example of a hormone produced by the testes.

A

luteinizing hormones (testosterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are the four lobes of the cerebrum?

A

parential, frontal, temporal, occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is the purpose of cartilage?

A

smooths bone connections (in joints)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what are neurotransmitters?

A

signals/messengers delivered my the nervous system that are very fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are the 3 types of primitive embryo tissues?

A

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what are the 2 types of digestion that happen in the stomach?

A

mechanical and chemical digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what are gastric glands?

A

glands within the stomach that produce enzymes and hydrochloric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what type of nerves are most nerves?

A

mixed nerves; act as a two-way street for signals to and from the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is adipose tissue?

A

fat tissue in the hypodermal layer of the skin that insulates and cushions the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is salivary amylase?

A

an enzyme in saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is mechanical digestion?

A

physically breaking down food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

give an example of a hormone produced of the pancreas.

A

insulin: regulates blood sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what are the 2 types of contractile proteins?

A

actin and myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

where are parathyroid glands located?

A

embedded in the back of the thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

where are glands located in the brain?

A

in the diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what is brain mapping?

A

looking at patients who have had brain trauma and determining what various parts of the brain control based of what functions have been lost; considered to be the final frontier of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is system integration?

A

body doesn’t operate as separate systems, they are all integrated and work together

52
Q

what is the diencephalon?

A

“gateway” to the cerebrum; small part of the brain in the center, not very visible

53
Q

what is saliva?

A

made up of mostly water and mucus with some enzymes which lubricates food

54
Q

what is chyme?

A

a paste of food left after the stomach that moves into the small intestine

55
Q

what are the organs in the nervous system?

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, receptors

56
Q

what is the purpose of hair?

A

insulation, tactile, camouflage

57
Q

what are stimuli?

A

changes in the environment that trigger a response in the body

58
Q

what does “renal” mean?

A

refers to something related to the kidneys

59
Q

what are the twelve organ systems?

A

nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, reproductive, muscular, urinary, skeletal, lymphatic, endocrine, integumentary, immune

60
Q

what is a nerve net?

A

neurons spread equally throughout the body

61
Q

what is the urethra?

A

tube leading out of the body, has 2 sphincters

62
Q

what is the purpose of oil?

A

keeps hair flexible, bactericide

63
Q

what is the function of the gallbladder?

A

stores extra bile

64
Q

what does tactile mean?

A

can pick up a lot of senses

65
Q

where is the duodenum?

A

at the top of the small intestine where the pancreas and liver excrete stuff

66
Q

what are ligaments?

A

connect bones together

67
Q

what is the medullary cavity?

A

hollow space within bones to decrease weight; filled with bone marrow

68
Q

give an example of a hormone produced by the thyroid.

A

thylacine: regulates metabolism

69
Q

why are muscles highly vascularized?

A

because muscles need a lot of oxygen and glucose

70
Q

what are sensory nerves?

A

carry info to the CNS from receptors

71
Q

what are the 3 layers of the skin?

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

72
Q

what is osmoregulation?

A

regulates fluids in the body and their concentrations

73
Q

what are negative feedback loops?

A

often how glands are shut off; when concentration drops, a gland will stop producing hormones

74
Q

what are the functions of the nervous system?

A

detect stimuli, carry info to the CNS, trigger a response

75
Q

what is the pyloric sphincter?

A

sphincter within the duodenum which regulates chyme passage

76
Q

what is urochrae?

A

a pigment found in urine (makes it yellow)

77
Q

what is the axial skeleton?

A

ribs, vertebrate, skull (things central)

78
Q

where do the pancreas and the liver introduce bile and enzymes into the GI tract?

A

at the top of the small intestines

79
Q

why is the stomach coated in mucus?

A

protection against acid

80
Q

what is melanin?

A

pigment found in the epidermis that protects against UV rays

81
Q

name the 3 main parts of the brain.

A

brain stem, cerebellum, cerebrum

82
Q

what is the purpose of the pancreas in the digestive system?

A

produces enzymes that can further break down food; produces a buffer to raise the pH to allow the small intestine’s enzymes to function

83
Q

what are the ways that a gland can be turned on?

A
  1. neural stimulation (signal from the brain)
  2. hormonal stimulation (a hormone turns on the gland)
  3. some glands detect chemical concentration
84
Q

what are the functions of muscles?

A

movement, protection, generate heat, posture, stabilize joints

85
Q

what is a target organ?

A

where a hormone acts (determined using receptors on cells)

86
Q

what happens in the rectum?

A

feces are stores before being expelled

87
Q

where are the adrenal glands located?

A

on top of the kidneys

88
Q

give an example of a hormone produced by the pineal gland.

A

melatonin

89
Q

what are the organs of the cirulatory system?

A

heart, veins, arteries, blood vessels

90
Q

list 4 accessory structures to the digestive system.

A

salivary glands, pancreas, gallbladder, liver

91
Q

what is a sphincter?

A

a ring of muscles that can contract and shut a tube

92
Q

what do the nervous system and the endocrine system have in common?

A

they both control the body

93
Q

give an example of a hormone produced by the adrenal glands.

A

adrenaline: tells the heart to pump more blood

94
Q

what organs make up the central nervous system?

A

the brain and spinal cord

95
Q

what are hormones?

A

chemicals released by glands of the endocrine system to tell the body to do something (slower than the nervous system)

96
Q

what are tendons?

A

wrappings that connect muscles and bones (and sometimes muscles with other muscles)

97
Q

what are the 3 major glands in the brain?

A

pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary

98
Q

what does the cecum do?

A

produces mucus to lubricate the lining of the large intestines

99
Q

what is the vagus nerve?

A

longest cranial nerve, goes from the heart to the brain; demonstrates how important that organ is that is has a direct pathway to the brain

100
Q

what are motor nerves?

A

leave the CNS and go out to muscles/glands with a response

101
Q

what are fascicles?

A

long, thin fibers wrapped together with a tissue layer (lots of these make up muscles)

102
Q

give an example of a hormone produced by the pituitary gland.

A

growth hormone

103
Q

what is a systematic hormone?

A

works body-wide

104
Q

what is the function of the skeletal system?

A

movement, protection, mineral storage, a little bit of fat storage

105
Q

name the parts of the GI tract in order.

A

mouth/oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anal canal, anus

106
Q

why does the stomach need hydrochloric acid?

A

the acid lowers the pH and allows the enzymes to function

107
Q

what happens in the large intestine?

A

water and salts are reabsorbed into the body

108
Q

where is the thymus located?

A

on top on the heart

109
Q

what is keratin?

A

waterproofs the skin; soft keratin exists throughout most of the skin, hard keratin makes up nails

110
Q

what is dialysis?

A

a machine mimicking the kidneys that can help people with malfunctioning kidneys

111
Q

what is plasma?

A

the fluid in blood

112
Q

what is the function of the diencephalon?

A

information gets routed through here on the way to the cerebrum; acts like a traffic conductor, determines where info goes; filters info away from the brain so it doesn`t get overwhelmed

113
Q

what is filtrate?

A

fluid squeezed out of the blood in the kidneys

114
Q

what happens in the small intestines?

A

nutrients are absorbed into the body

115
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle?

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

116
Q

what is the function of the brain stem?

A

“primitive brain” but super important; controls basic functions of life subconsiously

117
Q

what is chemical digestion?

A

digestion brought about by enzymes

118
Q

how do lipid based hormones trigger a cell?

A

land on the cell receptor and pass through the plasma membrane

119
Q

what is the function of the cerebrum?

A

higher mental functions; things you are consciously aware of (sight, pain, smell)

120
Q

give an example of a hormone produced by the ovaries.

A

follicle stimulating hormone: triggers the release of the egg

121
Q

what is diaphysis?

A

“compound bone”; shaft of the bone, sturdy

122
Q

what does the prefix endo- mean?

A

within; “endo”crine means released within the body

123
Q

what are the 4 types of tissues?

A

connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous

124
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton?

A

bones used for movement

125
Q

what is histology?

A

the study of tissues

126
Q

what causes kidney stones?

A

mineral buildup in the kidneys

Biology 102 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions