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dk renal > anatomy 1, 2 > Flashcards

anatomy 1, 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pathway for urine from production to excretion

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

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2
Q

the kidneys are ____peritoneal?

A

retroperitoneal organs

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3
Q

define the ‘upper’ urinary tract

A

kidneys and ureters

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4
Q

define the ‘lower’ urinary tract

A

bladder and urethra

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5
Q

an upper UTI can spread to the…

A

kidneys

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6
Q

a lower UTI can spread to the…

A

bladder and urethra

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7
Q

which parts of the renal system are in the abdomen, pelvis and perineum?

A

abdomen: kidneys, proximal ureters
pelvis: distal ureters, bladder, proximal urethra
perineum: distal urethra

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8
Q

which two muscles are located near the kidneys?

A

posterior: qudratus lumborum
lateral: psoas major

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9
Q

vertebral level of the kidneys?

A

left - T12-L1

right - L1-L3 (lower due to the liver)

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10
Q

the kidneys receive ___ of the cardiac output?

A

1/4

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11
Q

lymph from the kidneys drains to the ___

lymph from the ureters drains to the ___

A

kidneys -> lumbar (para-aortic) nodes

ureters -> lumbar (para-aortic) and iliac nodes

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12
Q

which level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the common iliac arteries?

A

L3-L4

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13
Q

renal artery stenosis and infra-renal AAA…

A

both caused by atherosclerosis

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14
Q

renal artery stenosis due to supra-renal AAA…

A

due to occlusion of the proximal renal artery by the aneurysm

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15
Q

flow of urine from the kidneys

A 
nephron (collecting duct)
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis 
*pelviuretic junction*
ureter
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16
Q

anatomical sites of uretic constriction?

A
  • pelviuretic junction
  • ureter (when it crosses over common ilac arteries)
  • uretic orifice
17
Q

define ‘renal failure’?

A

the kidneys are no longer able to sufficiently filter the blood to produce urine

18
Q

what is ‘hydronephrosis’?

A

obstruction leads to raised back pressure into the calyces, compressing the nephrons in the medullary pyramids and leading to renal failure

19
Q

what is renal calculi/ nephrolithiasis/ urolithiasis

A

kidney stones (urine calcium salts)

20
Q

define the ‘false pelvis’?

A

from iliac crests to pelvic inlet

part of the abdominal cavity

21
Q

define the ‘true’ pelvis?

A

from pelvic inlet to the pelvic floor

contains the bladder

22
Q

which muscle forms the pelvic floor?

A

levator ani (pelvic diaphragm)

23
Q

where is the perineum?

A

from pelvic floor to the skin

24
Q

where do the ureters enter the bladder and which is this important?

A

the ureters enter the bladder posterior-inferiorly at the 2 ureteric orifices
this sub-peritoneal route is important as it helps prevent the reflux of urine when the bladder contracts

25
Q

what is the most inferior part of the male peritoneal cavity?

A

retro-vesicle pouch

26
Q

what is the most inferior part of the female pelvis?

A

vesico-uterine pouch

recto-uterine pouch (of douglas) - most inferior

27
Q

the three openings of the bladder trigone

A

x2 ureteric orifices

x1 internal urethral orifice

28
Q

what is the main muscle of the bladder wall?

A

detrusor muscle

(in MEN: the detrusor muscle also forms the lining of the bladder neck - tightens during ejaculation to prevent retrograde ejaculation into the bladder)

29
Q

how does the detrusor muscles help prevent reflux of urine back into the ureters?

A

detrusor muscle encircles the x2 ureteric orifices - tightening when the bladder contracts

30
Q

two ways the bladder anatomy prevents back flow of urine?

A
  1. the ureters enter the bladder posterior-inferiorly

2. detrusor muscle tightens around the x2 ureteric orifices

31
Q

two routes for catheterisation

A

urethral (most common)

supra-pubic

32
Q

name the contents of the spermatic cord?

A 
vas deferens
testicular artery
testicular veins (pampiniform plexus)lymphatic and nerves
33
Q

sperm pathway (SEVEN UP)

A 
S - seminiferous tubules
E - epididymis
V - vas deferens
E - ejaculatory duct
N -----
U - urethra
P - penis
34
Q

the sac surrounding the testes is called the…

A

tunica vaginalis

note: fluid can accumulate here (hydrocele)

35
Q

the main three muscles in the penis which contribute to an erection?

A
  • left and right corpus cavernosum

- corpus spongiosum

36
Q

which penile muscle does the spongy urethra travel via?

A

corpus spongiosum

37
Q

lymph from the penis/testes drains to the….

A

penis lymph - deep inguinal nodes

testes lymph - lumbar (para-aortic) nodes

38
Q

most cancers of the prostate grown on the ____ zone?

A

peripheral zone

felt on PR exam

dk renal (5 decks)

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