anatomy 1, 2 Flashcards
what is the pathway for urine from production to excretion
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
the kidneys are ____peritoneal?
retroperitoneal organs
define the ‘upper’ urinary tract
kidneys and ureters
define the ‘lower’ urinary tract
bladder and urethra
an upper UTI can spread to the…
kidneys
a lower UTI can spread to the…
bladder and urethra
which parts of the renal system are in the abdomen, pelvis and perineum?
abdomen: kidneys, proximal ureters
pelvis: distal ureters, bladder, proximal urethra
perineum: distal urethra
which two muscles are located near the kidneys?
posterior: qudratus lumborum
lateral: psoas major
vertebral level of the kidneys?
left - T12-L1
right - L1-L3 (lower due to the liver)
the kidneys receive ___ of the cardiac output?
1/4
lymph from the kidneys drains to the ___
lymph from the ureters drains to the ___
kidneys -> lumbar (para-aortic) nodes
ureters -> lumbar (para-aortic) and iliac nodes
which level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the common iliac arteries?
L3-L4
renal artery stenosis and infra-renal AAA…
both caused by atherosclerosis
renal artery stenosis due to supra-renal AAA…
due to occlusion of the proximal renal artery by the aneurysm
flow of urine from the kidneys
nephron (collecting duct) minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis *pelviuretic junction* ureter
anatomical sites of uretic constriction?
- pelviuretic junction
- ureter (when it crosses over common ilac arteries)
- uretic orifice
define ‘renal failure’?
the kidneys are no longer able to sufficiently filter the blood to produce urine
what is ‘hydronephrosis’?
obstruction leads to raised back pressure into the calyces, compressing the nephrons in the medullary pyramids and leading to renal failure
what is renal calculi/ nephrolithiasis/ urolithiasis
kidney stones (urine calcium salts)
define the ‘false pelvis’?
from iliac crests to pelvic inlet
part of the abdominal cavity
define the ‘true’ pelvis?
from pelvic inlet to the pelvic floor
contains the bladder
which muscle forms the pelvic floor?
levator ani (pelvic diaphragm)
where is the perineum?
from pelvic floor to the skin
where do the ureters enter the bladder and which is this important?
the ureters enter the bladder posterior-inferiorly at the 2 ureteric orifices
this sub-peritoneal route is important as it helps prevent the reflux of urine when the bladder contracts
what is the most inferior part of the male peritoneal cavity?
retro-vesicle pouch
what is the most inferior part of the female pelvis?
vesico-uterine pouch
recto-uterine pouch (of douglas) - most inferior
the three openings of the bladder trigone
x2 ureteric orifices
x1 internal urethral orifice
what is the main muscle of the bladder wall?
detrusor muscle
(in MEN: the detrusor muscle also forms the lining of the bladder neck - tightens during ejaculation to prevent retrograde ejaculation into the bladder)
how does the detrusor muscles help prevent reflux of urine back into the ureters?
detrusor muscle encircles the x2 ureteric orifices - tightening when the bladder contracts
two ways the bladder anatomy prevents back flow of urine?
- the ureters enter the bladder posterior-inferiorly
2. detrusor muscle tightens around the x2 ureteric orifices
two routes for catheterisation
urethral (most common)
supra-pubic
name the contents of the spermatic cord?
vas deferens testicular artery testicular veins (pampiniform plexus)lymphatic and nerves
sperm pathway (SEVEN UP)
S - seminiferous tubules E - epididymis V - vas deferens E - ejaculatory duct N ----- U - urethra P - penis
the sac surrounding the testes is called the…
tunica vaginalis
note: fluid can accumulate here (hydrocele)
the main three muscles in the penis which contribute to an erection?
- left and right corpus cavernosum
- corpus spongiosum
which penile muscle does the spongy urethra travel via?
corpus spongiosum
lymph from the penis/testes drains to the….
penis lymph - deep inguinal nodes
testes lymph - lumbar (para-aortic) nodes
most cancers of the prostate grown on the ____ zone?
peripheral zone
felt on PR exam
