anatomy 1 + 2

Question 1

Describe the main anatomical features of external features of the thorax

Answer 1

Inlet- bounded by first thoracic vertebrae posterially and first pair of ribs laterally. costal cartilage of first rib and superior border of manubrium anteriorly

outlet- bounded by 12th thoracic vertebrae. 11th and 12th ribs laterally and costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 and xiphisternal joint anteriorly

Question 2

Identify and demonstrate important thoracic landmarks

Question 3

Describe the organisation and functions of the intercostal muscles

Answer 3

external intercostal (different direction), internal and innermost (same direction)

Question 4

Describe the main divisions and anatomical features of thoracic cavity

Question 5

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the structures on the anterior
chest wall, including the breast

Answer 5

left side drains to thoracic and right upper quadrant to lymphatic duct
breast drains to axillary lymph node, parasternal ln, abdominal ln

Question 6

Define the origin, spinal root values and functions of the phrenic
nerves and describe the functional loss if the phrenic nerves are
damaged.

Question 7

Describe the structure and function of the diaphragm

Answer 7

3 peripheral attachment- lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments, costal cartilage of ribs 7-12 and xiphoid process of sternum
central attachment to central tendon

right crus- arises from L1-3. surrounds oesophageal opening and helps prevent reflux of gastric contents back into oesophageal

left crus- arises from L1-2 and their intervertebral discs

Question 8

Describe the main anatomical features of the respiratory tract and gross anatomical features of the lung.

Question 9

Describe the basic structural features of the lower respiratory tract. including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, their blood supplies, nerve supplies and lymphatic drainage.

Question 10

Describe and demonstrate the structural and functional features of the lungs and alveoli.

Question 11

Describe and demonstrate the structural features of the pleura.

Question 12

describe and demonstrate the clinical anatomy of the lungs and pleura

Question 13

phrenic nerve

Answer 13

innervates the diaphragm at C3-5 and part of motor neurons

Question 14

vagus nerve

Answer 14

part of the parasympathetic nervous system and controls immune system, heart rate and digestion

Question 15

intercostal nerve

Answer 15

somatic control/ return of sensory info to the skin and parental pleural T1-11

Question 16

which rib does horizontal fissure descend at

Answer 16

6th rib

Question 17

which rib do lungs terminate

Answer 17

6th rib

Question 18

4 sides of the lung

Answer 18

cervical, mediastinal, costal and diaphragmatic

Question 19

lymphatic drainage of the lung

Answer 19

bronchopulmoanry artery then to the tracheaobronchial tree

Question 20

what vertebrae level does larynx terminate

Answer 20

C6

Question 21

what vertebrae level does trachea bifrumicate

Answer 21

T4-5