Anatomy (1)

Question 1

what are the three parts of the large colon?

Answer 1

caecum
ventral colon
dorsal colon

Question 2

where does fermentation mainly occur in horses?

Answer 2

ascending (large) colon

Question 3

what separates the caecum from ventral colon?

Answer 3

caeco-colic valve

Question 4

what separates the ventral and dorsal colon?

Answer 4

pelvic flexure

Question 5

what separates the dorsal and small colon?

Answer 5

transverse colon

Question 6

what does the ileum attach to distally?

Answer 6

caecum

Question 7

what does the caecum attach to distally?

Answer 7

ventral colon

Question 8

what are the products of microbial fermentation?

Answer 8

volatile fatty acids
methane
carbon dioxide

Question 9

what happens to volatile fatty acids in the large intestine?

Answer 9

absorbed through the mucosa

Question 10

what happens to microbial proteins and most volatile fatty acids in horses?

Answer 10

they are wasted as the large intestine is the terminal part of the GI tract so they can be absorbed by the small intestine

Question 11

what are the three volatile fatty acids?

Answer 11

acetate
propionate
butyrate

Question 12

what is propionate used for?

Answer 12

gluconeogenesis

Question 13

what is the main site for water absorption in horses?

Answer 13

large intestines (osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, solvent drag)

Question 14

what neutralises the VFAs produced by horses?

Answer 14

pancreatic secretions containing bicarbonate
mucus and bicarbonate secreted by goblet cells in large intestine
bicarbonate secreted by ileum

Question 15

how do the hind gut microbes get nitrogen?

Answer 15

it is secreted as urea from ileum and large intestine