Anatomical Terms Flashcards
Median sagittal plane
Vertical plane; dividing body into equal right and left halves
MEDIAL: pinky, ulna, tibia
LATERAL: thumb, radius, fibula
Coronal (frontal) planes
Vertical planes at right angle of the median plane
Divides body into: anterior & posterior
Horizontal plane
Divides body into upper and lower portion
Transverse (horizontal/axial) plane
Lies perpendicular on the long axis of a given structure (cross-sectional)
-right angles to both the median and coronal plane
Paramedian plane
Other side of the median plane and parallel to it
Medial
Structure near to the median plane
Ex. Nose is medial to the eyes, in turn medial to the external ears
Lateral
Structure that lies father away from the median plane
Ex. Thumb is lateral to the little finger
Palmar
Anterior of hands
Dorsal
Posterior (hand and feet)
Plantar
Anterior of foot
Proximal
Occur closer to and toward the origin of the system
Ex. The glenohumeral (shoulder) joint proximal to the elbow joint
Anterior
Or ventral (front)
Superior
Structures in reference to the vertical axis of the body
Ex. The head is superior to the shoulders
Inferior
Ex. The knee is inferior to the hip joint
Distal
Occur farther away TOWARDS the ends of the system
Reference to being farther from a structure’s origin particularly in the limbs
Ex. The hand is distal to the elbow joint
Superficial
External to the outer layer of deep fascia
Structures: skin, superficial fascia, mammary glands
Deep
Deep structures are those that are enclosed by the superficial structures
Include most skeletal muscles and viscera (internal organs esp those in abdominal cavity)
Ipsilateral
Same side of the body
Contralateral
Opposite side of the body
Supine
Lying on the back
Prone
Position lying face downward
Joint
2 or more bones come together
Joints that hav no movement
Sutures of the skull
Joints that have slight movement
Superior tibiofibular joint
Freely movable joint
Shoulder joint
Abduction
Movement of limb away to the midline of the body in the coronal plane
Adduction
Movement of a limb TOWARD the midline of a body in the coronal plane
Flexion
Usualy an anterior movement that takes place in a sagittal plane (occasionally, posterior as in knee joint)
Ex. Flexion of the elbow joint approximates the anterior surface of the forearm to the anterior surface of the arm
Extension
Straightening the joint (posterior direction)
Rotation
Movement of a part of the body around its long axis
Circumduction
Movement in a circular motion (combination in sequence of the flexion, extension, abduction, adduction)
Usually happens in the SHOULDER
Inversion
Foot is pointing inward (soles faces in a medial direction)
Eversion
Foot is pointing outward (soles faces in a lateral direction)
Medial rotation
Movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing medially (toward the anatomical position)
Lateral rotation
Anterior surface of the part facing laterally
Pronation
Palm of the hands faces posteriorly
Supination
Lateral rotation of the forearm from the pronated position so that the palm of the hands faces anteriorly
Protraction
To move forward (usually occurs in the scapula)
Retraction
To move backward (usually in scapula)
Fascia
Connective tissue contain various amt. of fat that separate, support, and interconnect organs and structures, enable movement of structure of one another relative to another, allow the transit of vessels and nerves from one area to another
Superficial fascia
(Subcutaneous) mixture of loose areolar and adipose tissue; lies deep and attached to the dermis of the skin
What is the function of the superficial fascia?
- Allows movement of the skin over the deeper areas of the body
- Acts as a conduit for vessels and nerves coursing to and from the skin
- Serves as an energy (fat) reservoir
Deep fascia
Dense, organized connective tissue; invests the muscles and other deeper structures
How is the retinacula formed?
In the region of joints, the deep fascia may be thickened to form the restraining bands called the retinacula.
What is the function of retinacula?
To hold underlying tendons in position or serve as pulleys around wch tendons may move.
Skeletal muscle funtion
Produce movements of the skeleton
Skeletal muscles are
-voluntary muscles, made of striped muscle fibers
Skeletal muscle ORIGIN
Attachment that moves the least
Skeletal muscle INSERTION
Moves the most, important in terms of motion
What is the belly?
Fleshy part of the muscle
Tendons
Fibrous tissues; ends of muscles which are attached to bones, cartilage or ligaments (muscles have tendonous insertions)
Pennate muscles
Fibers run obliquely to the line of pull
Unipennate muscles
tendon lies along one side of the muscle and the fibers pass obliquely to it
Bipennate muscles
Tendon lies in the center and the fibers pass to it from two sides
Multipennate
arranged as a series of bipennate muscles lying alongside one another or may have tendon lying within its center and muscle fibers passing to it from all sides, converging as they go
What are the different types of skeletal muscle action?
- Prime mover
- Antagonist
- Fixator
- Synergist
- Smooth muscle
- Cardiac muscle
Prime mover function
(Chief muscle) responsible for particular movement
Ex. Quadriceps femoris (extends your knee and joint)
Antagonist
Opposes the action of the prime mover
ex. Biceps femoris antagonizes quadriceps femoris
The biceps femoris flexes the leg at the knee joint
Fixator
Contracts isometrically to stabilize the origin of the prime mover
Synergist
Contract and stabilize INTERMEDIATE JOINTS; prevent unwanted movemements
Epimysium
Muscle fibers are bound together w delicate areolar tissue (condensed on the surface to form a fibrous envelope)
Smooth muscle
Long, spindle-shaped cells closely arranged in bundles or sheets
How can the smooth muscle fibers contract?
May be made to contract by local stretching of fibers, by nerve impulses from AUTONOMIC NERVES or HORMONAL STIMULATION
Cardiac muscles
Striated muscle fibers
-forms the MYOCARDIUM OF THE HEART
Fibrous joints
(Immovable) joined by fibrous tissues
Ex. Vault of the skull, inferior tibiofibular joints
