Anatomical Terminology & Imaging (lecture 1)

Question 1

Gross anatomy

Answer 1

anatomy that can be seen

without a microscope

Question 2

Histology

Answer 2

Microscopic Anatomy (study of
tissues)

Question 3

Anatomical position

Answer 3

In this position , the body is erect, the eyes look straight to the front, the upper limbs hang by the side of the trunk with the palms directed forwards, and the lower limbs are parallel with the toes pointing forwards.

1. Body erect
2. Arms at sides
3. Feet together
4. Palms facing forward

Question 4

Cephalic

Answer 4

head
– Cranial:skull
– Facial,orbital/ocular,oral,otic

Question 5

Terms used for specific regions of the body

Answer 5

Cervical :neck
• Axillary :armpit
• Brachial :arm
• Thorasic :chest
• Mammary :breast
• Abdominal
• Umbilical:Navel
• Crural:leg
• Femoral:thigh
• Pedal:foot
• Gluteal
• Perineal:anal and
external genitals

Question 6

Supine

Answer 6

Lying down(recumbent) Face directed
upwards

Question 7

Prone :

Answer 7

Lying down(on abdomen ) Face directed
downwards

Question 8

Lithotomy position:

Answer 8

For examination of genitals and anal area Hips and knees fully flexed ,thighs separated.

Question 9

Terms of relation used in Gross anatomy

Answer 9

Anterior – Towards the front…coronal plane
• Posterior- Towards the back
• Superior- Towards the head…horizontal plane
• Inferior - Towards the feet
• Medial - Towards the midline…sagittal plane
• Lateral - Away from the midline

Question 10

Terms of relation used mainly in embryology and

comparative anatomy

Answer 10

Ventral(Anterior) -Towards the belly
• Dorsal(Posterior) -Towards the back
• Cranial or Rostral -Towards the head (superior)
• Caudal - Towards the tail

Question 11

Special terms for limbs

Answer 11

Proximal - Nearer to the trunk

• Distal - Away from the trunk

Question 12

Terms used for hollow organs

Answer 12

Interior or Inner

Exterior or Outer

Question 13

Terms used for solid organs

Answer 13

Superficial

Deep

Question 14

Terms used to indicate the sides

Answer 14

Ipsilateral - Of the same side

Contralateral – Of the opposite side

Question 15

Anatomical movements

Answer 15

•movement occurring
•joint where movement occurs or body segment moved
1. flexion at shoulder joint or flexion of arm
2. flexion at elbow joint or flexion of forearm

Question 16

Terms used for describing movements

Answer 16

Flexion – Approximation of the flexor surfaces (angle of joint is reduced)
Extension – Approximation of the extensor surfaces(angle of joint is increased). It is the opposite of flexion.

Question 17

Adduction –

Answer 17

– Movement towards the central axis.

Question 18

Abduction -

Answer 18

Movement away from the central axis. It is the opposite of Adduction

Question 19

Medial rotation

Answer 19

Inward rotation

Question 20

Lateral rotation

Answer 20

Outward rotation

Question 21

Circumduction

Answer 21

Combination of all the above movement

Question 22

Pronation

Answer 22

Rotation of the forearm so that the palm is turned

backwards

Question 23

Supination

Answer 23

Rotation of the forearm so that the palm is turned

forwards.

Question 24

List of diagnostic imaging studies

Answer 24

Plain x-rays
• CT scan
• MRI
• Ultrasound
• Angiography

Question 25

Plain Radiograph

Answer 25

X-rays can:
– Pass all the way through the body
– Be deflected or scattered
– Be absorbed

Question 26

X-rays Passing Through Tissue

Answer 26

Depends on the energy of the x-ray and the atomic number of the tissue
• Higher energy x-ray - more likely to pass
through
• Higher atomic number - more likely to absorb
the x-ray

Question 27

Basic Radiographic Densities

Answer 27

• Air
• Fat
• Soft tissue/fluid
• Mineral
• Metal

Question 28

Purpose of Medical Imaging

Answer 28

• Primary purpose is to identify pathologic
conditions.
• Requires recognition of normal anatomy

Question 29

Ultrasound

Answer 29

high frequency sound waves, like sonar