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Human Musculo- Skeletal Anatomy > Anatomical Terminology > Flashcards

Anatomical Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Standard Anatomical Position

A

Standard Anatomical position is that of a human being standing, looking forward, feet together and pointing forward, with none of the long bones crossed from the viewers perspective.
-to prevent the crossing of bones, the palms of the hands must be faced forward, with the thumbs pointing away from the body.

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2
Q

how are the terms left and right used?

A

The terms left and right refer to the sides of the subject being observed, not he observers own right or left sides.

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3
Q

Cranial

A
  • refers to the skull
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4
Q

Post cranial

A

-refers to the rest of the skeleton besides the skull

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5
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

-refers to the bones of the trunk, including the vertebrae, sacrum, ribs, and sternum

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6
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

-refers to the bones of the limbs, including the shoulder and pelvic girdles.

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7
Q

How many planes are used in human osteology?

A

–3 basic refrence planes are used in human osteology

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8
Q

sagittal

A
  • (midsagittal, median, or midline)

- plane divides the body into symmetrical right and left halves.

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9
Q

parasagittal section

A

-any planar slice through the body that parallels the sagital plane

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10
Q

coronal

A

(frontal)

-plane divides the body into anterior and posterior halves and is placed at right angles to the saggitalplane.

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11
Q

transverse

A

-(horitzontal) plane slices through the body at any height but always passes perpendicular to the sagittal and frontal planes.

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12
Q

Superior

A

-toward the head end of the hominid body. the superior boundary of the human parietal bone is saggital suture.

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13
Q

Cephalic and cranial

A
  • are synonymous terms that may be used homologously for bipeds and quadrupeds
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14
Q

Inferior

A
  • opposite of superior; for hominid body, body parts away from the head. The inferior surface of the calcaneus, or heel bones, is the part of the bone that rests nearest to, or lies in contact with the ground.
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15
Q

Caudal

A

-toward the tail, is often used in the description of quadruped anatomy.

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16
Q

Anterior

A

-toward the front of the hominid body. The breats bone or sternum, is located anterior to the backbone or vetrebral column.

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17
Q

Ventral

A

-toward the belly may be used for homologous for bipeds and quadrupeds

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18
Q

Posterior

A

-opposite of anterior; for the hominid body, toward the back of the individual. the occipital bone is on the posterior and inferior end of the skull.

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19
Q

Dorsal

A

(posterior)- used when describing quadruped anatomy

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20
Q

medial

A
  • toward the midline

- the left side of the tongue is medial to the left half of the mandible

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21
Q

lateral

A

-opposite of medial; way from the midline. the thumb occupies a lateral position relative to the little finger in standard anatomical position.

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22
Q

proximal

A
  • nearest the axial skeleton, usually used for limb bones. The proximal end of the upper arm bone, the humerous, is the end toawrd the shoulder.
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23
Q

Distal

A

-opposite of the proximal; farthest from the axial skeleton. The distal end of the terminal foot phalanx fits into the end of the shoe.

24
Q

External

A

-outer. the cranial vault is an external covering of the brain.

25
Q

Internal

A
  • opposite of external; inside. the internal surface of the parietal is marked by a set of grooves made by blood vessels that lie external to the brain.
26
Q

Endocranial

A
  • inner surface of the cranial vault. the brain fills the endocranial cavity.
27
Q

Ectocranial

A

-outer surface of the cranial vault. the temporal line is o nt he ectocranial surface of the parietal.

28
Q

Superficial

A

-close to the surface

the ribs are superficial to the heart.

29
Q

deep

A
  • opposite of superficial
  • far from the surface
  • the dentine care of a tooth is deep to the enamel.
30
Q

subcutaneous

A
  • just below the skin, the anteromedial surface of the tibia is subcutaneous.
31
Q

Mesial (relating to teeth)

A
  • toward the midline point of the dental arch where the central incisors contact each other. the anterior portion of the molar and premolar and premolar crowns and the medial parts of canines and incisors are called the mesila parts of these teeth.
  • the mesia surface of the canine touches the incisors next to it, and the mesial surface of the first molar touches the premolar next to it.
32
Q

Distal (relating to teeth)

A
  • opposite of the mesial. the distal half of the premolar is the posterior half of the tooth.
33
Q

lingual ( relating to teeth)

A
  • toawrd the tongue

the lingual surfaces of the tooth crowns are usually hidden from view when a person smiles.

34
Q

labial (relating to teeth)

A

–opposite of lingual; toward the lips; usually reversed for incisors and canines. the labiel surfaces of incisors are observed when a person smiles.

35
Q

buccal (relating to teeth)

A

-opposite of lingual
toward the cheeks
-usually reserved for premolars and molars. A wad of chewing tobacco is often wedged between the cheek and the buccal surfaces of the molars of American baseball players.

36
Q

Interproximal (relating to teeth)

A
  • in contact with adjacent teeth in the same jaw. Dental floss often gets stuck in the interproximal areas.
37
Q

Occlusal (relating to teeth)

A

-facing the opposing dental arch, usually the chewing surface of each tooth. caries (“cavities”) are foten found on the irregular occusal surface of the molar teeth.

38
Q

Incisal (relating to teeth)

A
  • the biting or occlusal, edge of the incisors. the incisal edges of the incisors are used to bite into an apple.
39
Q

mesiodistal (relating to teeth)

A
  • axis running from mesial to distal. the mesiodistal dimension of a molar may be reduced by interproximal wear.
40
Q

buccolingual and labiolingual ( relating to teeth)

A
  • axis running from labial or buccal to lingual. the incisors of neanderthals often have large labiolingual dimensions.
41
Q

Palmar (Hands and feet)

A

-Palm side of the hand. the palmar surface of the digits bears finger-prints.

42
Q

Plantar (hands and feet)

A

–sole of the foot. the plantar surface of the foot contacts the ground during normal walking.

43
Q

Dorsal (hands and feet)

A
  • top of the foot or the back of the hand. The dorsal surfaces of hands and feet often bear hair, whereas the palmar and plantar surfaces do not.
44
Q

Flexion

A
  • generally a banding movement that decreases the angle between body parts. when a hand is clenched into a fist there is strong flexion of the phalanges on the metacrapals heads. By convention, flexion at the shoulder or the hip joint refers to a ventral (forward) movement of the limb.
45
Q

Extension

A
  • opposite of flexion; a straitening movement that increases the angle between body parts. The classic karate chop is made by a rigid hand in which the fingers are extended. By convention, extension at the shoulder or hip joint is a dorsal (backward) swing of the limb.
46
Q

Abduction

A

-movement of a body part, usually a limb, away from the sagittal plane. When the arm is raised to the side from standard anatomical position, abduction of the arm occurs. For the special case of fingers and toes, abduction is movement of the digit away from the midline of the hand or foot ( spreading the digits)

47
Q

Adduction

A

opposite the abduction, movement of a body part, usually a limb toward the sagittal plane. bringing the arm down to slap the side of the thigh is adduction. For the special case of fingers and toes i s movement of the digits toward the midline of the hand or foot (closing the digits)

48
Q

Circumduction

A

-a combination of abduction and adduction, as well as flexion and extension, that results in an appendage being moved in a cone-shaped path. When the driver of a slow vehicle signals someone behind him to pass, this “waving on” is often done by circumducting the arm.

49
Q

Rotation

A
  • motion that occurs as one body part turns on an axis. The head of the radius on the distal humerus.
50
Q

Opposition

A
  • motion in which body parts are brought together. Opposition of the thumb and finger tips allows us to grasp small objects.
51
Q

pronation (hand and feet)

A
  • rotary motion of the forearm that turns the palm from anteriorly facing (thumb lateral) to posteriorly facing (thumb medial). typewriters are used with the hand in pronation.
52
Q

supination (hands and feet)

A
  • opposite of pronation; rotary motion of the forarm that returns the palm to a position in which the thumb is lateral. when chimpanzees beg for food and the hand is often in supination.
53
Q

Dorsiflexion (hands and feet)

A
  • flexion of the entire foot away from the ground. when a mime walks on her heels, her feet are dorsiflexed.
54
Q

Plantarflexion (volarflexion) (hands and feet)

A
  • opposite of dorsiflexion; flexing of the entire foot inferiorly, toward the ground at the ankle. Action in both dorsiflexion and plantarflexion occurs at the ankle. When a ballerina walks on her toes, her feet are strongly plantarflexed.
55
Q

Eversion (hands and feet)

A
  • turning the sole of the foot outward so that it faces away from the midline of the body. Also known as pronation of the foot.
56
Q

Inversion (hands and feet)

A
  • turning the sole of the foot inward so that it faces toward the midline of the body. Also known as supination of the foot.

Human Musculo- Skeletal Anatomy (6 decks)

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