Anatomical terminology

Question 1

Atom = ?

Answer 1

The smallest particle of an element with all properties of that element

Question 2

Molecule = ?

Answer 2

Smallest amount of substance that can exist alone (combination of atoms)

Question 3

Organelle = ?
Examples ?

Answer 3

Molecules associated in specific ways to form basic components of living cells

Ex. Ribosomes, lysosomes, nucleus, vacuoles…

Question 4

Cell = ?
Examples?

Answer 4

Fundamental structural and functional unit of a living thing; vary in shape, size and function.

Cells can only arise from other cells.

Ex. Fibroblasts, macrophages, epithelial cells, nerve cells

Question 5

Tissue =?
Example?

Answer 5

Groups of similar cells that have a common function

Ex. muscle tissue (movement), nervous tissue (communication), epithelial tissue (protection/boundaries), connective tissue (protection/binding)

Question 6

Organ = ?

Answer 6

Structure composed of at least 2 or more types of tissues that perform a body function

Question 7

Organ system =?

Answer 7

Organs that work closely with one another to accomplish a common goal/purpose

Question 8

What is the anatomical position of the human body?

Answer 8

It acts as the inital reference point = when the body is in standard anatomical position

An indication of direction ‘right’ or ‘left’, this refers to the patient/cadaver not the observer

SAP = body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing foward with thumbs pointing away from body

Question 9

What are the two regional terms?

Answer 9

1. Axial part = hear, neck, trunk
2. Appendicular part = appendages / limbs attached to the axis

Question 10

What are the three plans of the body?

Answer 10

1. Sagittal plane; vertical, divides body into left and right parts
   - Midsagittal (median) plane = divides body exactly in half
   - Parasagittal plane = can divide body into left and right at any point in the body
2. Frontal (coronal) plane; vertical, divides body into anterior and posterior (front and back)
3. Transverse plane; horizontal, divides body into superior and inferior parts

Question 11

What are the two body cavities and their subdivisions?

Answer 11

1. Dorsal - cranial and vertebral cavities
   - Cranial cavity = enclsoed by skull, houses the brain
   - Vertebral (spinal) cavity = enclosed byu vertebral columns, houses the spinal cord
   Both are continuous and well-protected.
2. Ventral - thoracic and abdominpelvic cavities
   - Thoracic cavity = 2 lateral pleural cavities and central pericardial cavity
   - Abdominopelvic cavity = superior abdonimal cavity (stomach, intestines, spleen, liver) and inferior pelvic cavity (bladder, rectum, some reproduction organs)
   These two cavities are separated by the diaphragm

Question 12

Which body cavity is the most vulnerable to physical trauma?

Answer 12

Abdominal cavity

Question 13

What is homeostsis?

Answer 13

The ability to maintain relative stable internal conditions even though there is continuous change in the outside world

Not unchanging, a dynamic state of equilibrium involving many systems

Body is constantly making adjustments

Question 14

What are some properties/examples of homeostasis?

Answer 14

• Adequate blood levels of vital nutrients
• Heart activity and blood pressure levels montiored and adjusted as needed
• Wastes must not accumulate (in the urinary and respiratory systems)
• Core body temperature must remain within range

Question 15

What are the 3 essential characteristics of homeostasis?

Answer 15

1. Receptor = senses the change (stimulus) and sends info (afferent pathways) to…
2. Control centre = determines the set point for variable maintenance, analyzes the info and determines the correct response
3. Effector = provides the mean for response (output with efferent pathways)

Question 16

What is the ANS?

Answer 16

The autonomic nervous system = system of motor neurons to smooth and cardiac muscle and glands to allow for responses usually without our awareness

Question 17

What are some important regulatory effects of the ANS?

Answer 17

• shunt blood to more needed areas
• speed/slow heart and respiratory rates
• adjust blood pressure and body temperature
• increase/decrease gastric secretions

Question 18

Hypothalamus = ?
Which regions correspond to which parts of the NS?
What does it coordinate?

Answer 18

Integration centre of ANS

Anterior regions = parasympathetic, posterior = sympathetic

contains centres for coordination of; heart activity, blood pressure, body temperature, water balanece, endocrine activity