Anatomical references Flashcards
In CEREBRAL terms where is ANTERIOR
Pointing to the NOSE
In CEREBRAL terms where is DORSAL
Pointing upwards
In CEREBRAL terms where is POSTERIOR
Pointing to TAIL END
In CEREBRAL terms where is VENTRAL
Pointing DOWNWARDS towards toes
In CNS terms where is ANTERIOR
Pointing upwatds
In CNS terms where is POSTERIOR
Pointing towards TOES
In CNS terms where is DORSAL
Pointing towards tail end
In CNS terms where is VENTRAL
Pointing towards NOSE
Which is MEDIAL
Closer towards spine
Which is LATERAL
Further away from spine
ipislateral is
Same sided
Bilateral is
Both sided
Contralateral is
Opposite sided
ANATOMICAL PLANE OF REFERENCE: Midsigittal
Equal left & right halves. Through all the brain left to right
ANATOMICAL PLANE OF REFERENCE: Coronal
From Dorsal to Ventral (top to bottom) downwards through middle
ANATOMICAL PLANE OF REFERENCE: Transverse
Anterior to Posterior through middle
CNS consists of
brain and spinal cord
Peripheral NS consists of
motor & sensory nerves
Somatic NS (PNS)
What?
a) Efferent nerves?
b) afferent nerves?
carries info to and from CNS
a) exits CNS i.e. carries motor signals from CNS to skeletal muscle
b) approaches CNS i.e. carries sensory info to spinal cord
Cranial nerves
nerves which emerge from the brainand relay info to other parts of the body
Autonomic NS
parasympathetic nerves: Relaxation
sympathetic nerves: mobilise energy
three types of neuron
Bipolar
Unipolar
Multipolar
Neuroanatomical struture & neurons
a) clusters of cells are called what in CNS & PNS
b) bundles of axons “
a) CNS: nuclei, PNS: Ganglia
b) CNS: tract, PNS: nerves
four main protections from injury & infection in the CNS
Blood brain barrier
bone
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid
Meninges
a) what
b) order
a) protective layers between skull & CNS
b) skull - dura matter - arachnoid membrane - subarachnoid space - pia matter - brain
Cerebrospinal fluid
- ventricular system
- runs along brain
- “bladders”; canals in CNS (ventricles) which the CSF is produced and distributed
5 major fully developed brain divisions
1) telencephalon
2) Diencephalon
3) mesencephalon
4) metencephalon
5) myelencephalon
(6) spinal cord)
spinal cord
a) what
b) routes
a) carries messages between brain and body
b) dorsal route: carries info to the spinal cord & ventral route: carries info away from spinal cord
Myelencephalon
aka medulla
back of brain; tracts connect brain with the rest of the body
Also has reticular formation tracts
Reticular formation
set of interconnected nuclei that are located throughout the brainstem sleep arousal attention movement
metencephalon
reticular formation tracts
2 major divisions…
Pons (relay system from brain to cerebellum & medulla)
Cerebellum (sensorimotor, cog function)
Mesencephalon
2 divisions
a) tagmentum: reward, motor function, rectucualr formation & grey matter
b) tectum: visual & auditory info
tegmentum
red nucleus
periaqueductual gray
reticular formation
substantia nigra
tectum
superior (visual) & inferior (auditory) colliculi
Diencephalon
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Thalamus
telencephelon
outer layer of brain i.e. parietal, temporal, occipital & frontal lobe
Deeper grooves in cortex
fissures
smaller grooves in cortex
Sulcus
fat bits in cortex
gyrus
another way of naming brain areas
by the info they receive
primary areas
first ones to receive the info, ie info from outside the cortex
secondary areas
receive projections from primary areas
interpretation of sensory info & organisation of motor movement
tertiary area
coordination & connection of secondary areas
Limbic system (6)
1) hippocampus
2) cingulate gyrus
3) mammilary bodies
4) amygdala
5) fornix
6) septum
what is the limbic system’s main role
regulation of the four f's 1)feeding 2)fucking 3)fleeing 4)fighting ~~motivated behaviour
What is the role of the basal ganglia
regulation of voluntary movement
basal ganglia (4)
1) caudate nucleus
2) putamen
3) globus pallidus
4) nucleus accumbens
CT scan
- structural imaging
- X rays sent at different angles around the skull
- Use: tumors, structural problems & internal bleeding
MRI
- structural imaging
- magnetic field applied to hydrogen atoms to make them face the same way
- when the magnet stopped = relaxation
- the time it takes for the atoms to go back to normal identifies the density of the tissue
a) low density: light
b) high density: dark
PET (positron emission technology)
- functional imaging
- inject patient with substance
- the substance goes around the whole body & mainly to areas with high energy demand
- the substance then breaks down & positive electrons are then emitted
- these positive electrons are then picked up by the machine
- the picture then shows the location of the tracer
fMRI
- uses oxygen flow to active areas of the brain & the magnetic properties of the iron in the blood
- oxygenated blood accumulates in the areas in use
- BOLD signal created
